Process variables optimization for heat pump drying of roselle calyx by using response surface methodology

Heat pump drying technology has been recognized for its capability to conserve energy consumption and product quality in drying process. Understanding the influence of drying conditions on product quality and optimisation are necessary to cut down the drying cost. In this study, the drying of Roselle calyx using heat pump dryer was optimized using response surface method where Central Composite Design (CCD) was employed to investigate the effects of independent variables: drying temperature (40-60ᵒC) and sample mass (100-300 g), on the response variables (drying time, energy consumption and colour changes). The drying study aimed to achieve minimum drying time, energy consumption and total colour changes. It was discovered that temperature factor has dominant effect on drying time while sample mass on energy consumption and colour changes. The interplay between the variables was closely related to heat transfer and moisture evaporation rates of the sample. The optimum drying conditions as determined were at drying temperature of 60ᵒC and sample mass of 100 g. Under these conditions, the drying time, energy consumption, and colour difference were 332.3 min, 27.05 kWh, and 4.29 ΔE, respectively. The optimization model was well validated since the difference between the predicted and experimental results was below 3%

Open field release of genetically engineered sterile male Aedes aegypti in Malaysia.

BackgroundDengue is the most important mosquito-borne viral disease. In the absence of specific drugs or vaccines, control focuses on suppressing the principal mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti, yet current methods have not proven adequate to control the disease. New methods are therefore urgently needed, for example genetics-based sterile-male-release methods. However, this requires that lab-reared, modified mosquitoes be able to survive and disperse adequately in the field.Methodology/principal findingsAdult male mosquitoes were released into an uninhabited forested area of Pahang, Malaysia. Their survival and dispersal was assessed by use of a network of traps. Two strains were used, an engineered 'genetically sterile' (OX513A) and a wild-type laboratory strain, to give both absolute and relative data about the performance of the modified mosquitoes. The two strains had similar maximum dispersal distances (220 m), but mean distance travelled of the OX513A strain was lower (52 vs. 100 m). Life expectancy was similar (2.0 vs. 2.2 days). Recapture rates were high for both strains, possibly because of the uninhabited nature of the site.Conclusions/significanceAfter extensive contained studies and regulatory scrutiny, a field release of engineered mosquitoes was safely and successfully conducted in Malaysia. The engineered strain showed similar field longevity to an unmodified counterpart, though in this setting dispersal was reduced relative to the unmodified strain. These data are encouraging for the future testing and implementation of genetic control strategies and will help guide future field use of this and other engineered strains

Mean Distance Travelled (MDT) with Confidence Interval (CI) calculated by bootstrap, Flight Range 50 (FR 50), Flight Range 90 (FR 90) and wing measurement with standard deviation (SD) for OX513A-My1 and My1 laboratory strains.

<p>95% confidence intervals were calculated by resampling individual mosquitoes with replacement and then reporting the 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles of the estimates obtained from 1,000 such bootstrap samples. n: sample size.</p

Difference in dispersal of My1 and OX513A-My1 males.

<p>Proportion of the total trap density corrected recaptures <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0042771#pone.0042771-Morris1" target="_blank">[46]</a> calculated according to the distance from the release point by concentric annuli of 25 m. Most of the OX513A-My1 males (68%) were caught in the first two annuli surrounding the release point, i.e. <50 m, while the My1 males are more evenly distributed among the annuli (from 3% to 22%). This accounts for the latter higher Mean Distance Travelled (MDT), Flight Range 50 (FR50) and Flight Range 90 (FR90). (My1 males: red; OX513A-My1 males: blue).</p

Daily Survival Probability (DSP) and Life Expectancy (LE) with Confidence Interval (CI) calculated by bootstrap for OX513A-My1 and My1 strains.

<p>95% confidence intervals were calculated by resampling individual mosquitoes with replacement and then reporting the 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles of the estimates obtained from 1,000 such bootstrap samples.</p

Study and monitored areas in Bentong, Pahang, Malaysia.

<p>(a) The release was conducted in an uninhabited area comprising a jungle area (government land), a cleared area and a young rubber plantation where a network of 45 adult traps (BG-Sentinel) and 44 ovitraps were set. The closest inhabited areas were monitored with 35 ovitraps only, (release point: red star; uninhabited study area: green area; inhabited monitored area: blue area) (Credits for small scale map: © 2012 Google; © 2012 Tele Atlas; © 2012 TerraMetrics; Credits for large scale map: © 2012 Google; © 2012 GeoEye; © 2012 Cnes/Spot Image; © 2012 Mapit). (b) The BG-Sentinel traps were principally set in the cleared area on the small terraces surrounding the release point and uphill on a small path through the forest until around 100 m from the release point. Further traps were placed downhill in the rubber plantation along the road leading to the closest inhabited area. (Release point: red star; BG-Sentinel™ traps: circles; Altitude: contour lines (separated by 10 m)).</p

Number of specimens collected per trap per day during ovitrap surveillance and adult trapping by mosquito species.

<p>Number of specimens collected per trap per day during ovitrap surveillance and adult trapping by mosquito species.</p