Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead

A Note on Assumptions about Skolem Functions

Skolemization is not an equivalence preserving transformation. For the purposes of refutational theorem proving it is sufficient that Skolemization preserves satisfiability and unsatisfiability. Therefore there is sometimes some freedom in interpreting Skolem functions in a particular way. We show that in certain cases it is possible to exploit this freedom for simplifying formulae considerably. Examples for cases where this occurs systematically are the relational translation from modal logics to predicate logic and the relativization of first-order logics with sorts

A Note on Assumptions about Skolem Functions

Skolemization is not an equivalence preserving transformation. For the purposes of refutational theorem proving it is sufficient that Skolemization preserves satisability and unsatisfiability. Therefore there is sometimes some freedom in interpreting Skolem functions in a particular way. We show that in certain cases it is possible to exploit this freedom for simplifying formulae considerably. Examples for cases where this occurs systematically are the relational translation from modal logics to predicate logic and the relativization of first-order logics with sorts

In vitro activity of moxifloxacin and piperacillin/sulbactam against pathogens of acute cholangitis

AIM: To analyze the in vitro activity of moxifloxacin and piperacillin/sulbactam against pathogens isolated from patients with acute cholangitis

Endoscopic transpapillary brush cytology and forceps biopsy in patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma

AIM: To evaluate the sensitivity of brush cytology and forceps biopsy in a homogeneous patient group with hilar cholangiocarcinoma