694 research outputs found

    Passive vibration absorber with dry friction

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    Postępy w badaniach nad mechanizmem działania IVIg

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    Cząsteczka IgG stanowi główny składnik dożylnych preparatów immunoglobulin (IVIg, intravenous immune globulin). Komercyjne preparaty IVIg pochodzą od grupy dawców, w wyniku czego zawierają również niewielkie ilości przeciwciał IgA, IgM, a także cytokiny Th2 oraz antagonistów cytokin. Substancje te również wpływają na efekt terapeutyczny. Podstawowe znaczenie dla działania IVIg mają: komórki T, cytokiny, zjawisko przechodzenia komórek odpornościowych przez błony biologiczne, komórki B, dopełniacz oraz receptory Fc. Stwierdzono, że IVIg inaktywują autoreaktywne komórki T poprzez współzawodniczenie i przerywanie ich interakcji z komórkami prezentującymi antygen. Wydaje się, że IVIg przywracają również równowagę w działaniu cytokin - w badaniach wykazano, że IVIg zawierają przeciwciała i antagonistów dla cytokin prozapalnych. Dodatkowo, uważa się, że IVIg ingeruje i zapobiega przechodzeniu autoodpornościowych –komórek T przez barierę krew-nerw. Badano efekty działania egzogennych przeciwciał na komórki B. Uważa się, że IVIg zmniejszają produkcję przeciwciał przez komórki B, zakłócają proliferację komórek B poprzez blokadę receptorów powierzchniowych komórki i zapobiegają aktywacji pewnych podtypów komórek B. Ponadto IVIg mogą wpływać na odporność wrodzoną poprzez mechanizm blokowania w kaskadzie aktywacji dopełniacza oraz blokowanie aktywności, w której pośredniczy receptor Fc, co powoduje zmniejszenie aktywności makrofagów. Podsumowując, IVIg charakteryzują się licznymi mechanizmami działania, których efekty kumulują się w celu ograniczenia odpowiedzi immunologicznej. Może to być istotne w leczeniu zaburzeń nerwowo-mięśniowych oraz neuropatii immunologicznych. Polski Przegląd Neurologiczny 2009; 5 (4): 208-21

    The adenosinergic signaling in the pathogenesis and treatment of multiple sclerosis

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    Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a highly disabling, progressive neurodegenerative disease with no curative treatment available. Although significant progress has been made in understanding how MS develops, there remain aspects of disease pathogenesis that are yet to be fully elucidated. In this regard, studies have shown that dysfunctional adenosinergic signaling plays a pivotal role, as patients with MS have altered levels adenosine (ADO), adenosine receptors and proteins involved in the generation and termination of ADO signaling, such as CD39 and adenosine deaminase (ADA). We have therefore performed a literature review regarding the involvement of the adenosinergic system in the development of MS and propose mechanisms by which the modulation of this system can support drug development and repurposing

    Multiple sclerosis: time for early treatment with high-efficacy drugs

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    This review addresses current changes in the approach to treating patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The widely practiced approach of utilizing agents with lower treatment efficacy (LETA) at onset with subsequent escalation has been challenged by new data suggesting that MS patients derive greater benefit when therapy is initiated with high-efficacy treatment agents (HETA). Several recent studies compared treatment efficacy and safety of early administration of HETA versus LETA. The results of randomized, double blind, phase III studies with LETA as a control arm and population-based larger and longer studies using propensity scoring, marginal structural modeling and weighted cumulative exposure analysis support the benefit of early treatment with HETA. Patients initiating their treatment with HETA, regardless of prognostic factors and MRI burden at baseline, showed significantly lower annualized relapse rate (ARR) and reduced disability progression in follow-up periods of up to 10–15 years. Moreover, the safety profile of recently approved HETA ameliorates concerns about off-target effects associated with a number of earlier high-efficacy drugs. Patient perception has also changed with an increasing preference for medication profiles that both improve symptoms and prevent disease progression. Accumulating data from randomized studies and the results of large population-based studies demonstrating short-term and longer-term patient benefits support the view that HETA should be more widely used. The adoption of early treatment with HETA capitalizes on a window of opportunity for anti-inflammatory drugs to maximally impact disease pathology and heralds a sea change in clinical practice toward pro-active management and away from a philosophy routed in generating clinical benefit as a consequence of treatment failure

    Safety and Tolerability of Intravenous Immunoglobulin in Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy:Results of the ProCID Study

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    Background and Aims: The ProCID study evaluated the efficacy and safety of three doses of a 10% liquid intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) preparation (panzyga®) in patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). This report describes the safety findings. Methods: Patients were randomised to receive a 2.0 g/kg induction dose followed by maintenance doses of either 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 g/kg IVIg every 3 weeks over 24 weeks. Results:All 142 enrolled patients were included in the safety analyses. In total, 286 treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were reported in 89 patients, of which 173 (60.5%) were considered treatment-related. Most TEAEs were of mild severity. Eleven serious TEAEs were reported in 6 patients. Two serious TEAEs in one patient (headache and vomiting) were considered related to treatment, which resolved without study discontinuation. No treatment-related thrombotic events, haemolytic transfusion reactions or deaths occurred. One patient discontinued the study due to a TEAE (allergic dermatitis) probably related to IVIg. Headache was the only dose-dependent TEAE, with incidences ranging from 2.9 to 23.7%, the incidence of all other TEAEs was similar across treatment groups. Most TEAEs were associated with the induction dose infusion, and the rate of TEAEs decreased thereafter. The median (IQR) daily IVIg dose was 78 (64–90) g, and 94.4% of patients tolerated the maximal infusion rate of 0.12 ml/kg/min without pre-medication. Interpretation:Infusions of 10% IVIg at doses up to 2.0 g/kg with high infusion rates were safe and well tolerated in patients with CIDP. Clinical trial numbers: EudraCT 2015-005443-14, NCT02638207.</p
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