Pengaruh Nozzle Dan Pengaruh Variasi Nozzle Terhadap Mini Turbine

Utilizing hydrokinetic energy through water turbines is a promising solution for generating renewable electricity. Water turbines play a crucial role in converting the kinetic energy of water into mechanical energy that can be used to drive electrical generators. This research focuses on the optimal design of a nozzle for water turbines to enhance the performance of hydrokinetic energy. The main objective of this study is to design and analyse an efficient nozzle for water turbines. The nozzle has a critical function in directing the flow of water efficiently and increasing the flow velocity into the water turbine. In the nozzle design, various parameters such as nozzle shape, diameter, angle, and length are considered to achieve optimal performance. The results of this research demonstrate that an optimal nozzle design can significantly enhance the performance of hydrokinetic energy in water turbines. An efficient nozzle design can increase the flow velocity, thereby resulting in increased power output from the turbine. Moreover, the use of genetic algorithms in optimizing the nozzle design aids in efficiently obtaining an optimal design

A Cellular Pathway Involved in Clara Cell to Alveolar Type II Cell Differentiation after Severe Lung Injury

Regeneration of alveolar epithelia following severe pulmonary damage is critical for lung function. We and others have previously shown that Scgb1a1-expressing cells, most likely Clara cells, can give rise to newly generated alveolar type 2 cells (AT2s) in response to severe lung damage induced by either influenza virus infection or bleomycin treatment. In this study, we have investigated cellular pathway underlying the Clara cell to AT2 differentiation. We show that the initial intermediates are bronchiolar epithelial cells that exhibit Clara cell morphology and express Clara cell marker, Scgb1a1, as well as the AT2 cell marker, pro-surfactant protein C (pro-SPC). These cells, referred to as pro-SPC[superscript +] bronchiolar epithelial cells (or SBECs), gradually lose Scgb1a1 expression and give rise to pro-SPC[superscript +] cells in the ring structures in the damaged parenchyma, which appear to differentiate into AT2s via a process sharing some features with that observed during alveolar epithelial development in the embryonic lung. These findings suggest that SBECs are intermediates of Clara cell to AT2 differentiation during the repair of alveolar epithelia following severe pulmonary injury.Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Center. Infectious Disease Research Grou

Direct Detection of Collagenous Proteins by Fluorescently Labeled Collagen Mimetic Peptides

Although fibrous collagens are major structural components of extracellular matrix in mammals, collagen overproduction is associated with many human diseases including cancers and fibrosis. Collagen is typically identified in biomedical research by Western blot and immunohistochemistry; however, anticollagen antibodies employed in these analyses are difficult to prepare and their affinities to collagen can diminish if collagen becomes denatured during analyses. Previously, we discovered that single-stranded collagen mimetic peptides [CMPs, sequence: (GlyProHyp)₉] can bind to denatured collagen chains by triple helix hybridization. Here, we present collagen-specific staining methods using simple CMPs conjugated to common fluorophores (e.g., carboxyfluorescein), which allow direct detection of collagens and collagen-like proteins in SDS-PAGE and in various mammalian tissue sections. By directly staining SDS-PAGE gels with fluorescently labeled CMPs, both intact (type I, II, and IV) and MMP-1 cleaved collagen (type I) chains as well as complement factor C1q were detected. Collagen bands containing as little as 5 ng were optically visualized, while no staining was observed for fibronectin, laminin, and a collection of proteins from mammalian cell lysate. The CMP was unable to stain collagen-like bacterial protein, which contains numerous charged amino acids that are believed to stabilize triple helix in place of Hyp. We also show that fluorescently labeled CMPs can specifically visualize collagens in fixed tissue sections (e.g., skin, cornea, and bone) more effectively than anticollagen I antibody, and allow facile identification of pathologic conditions in fibrotic liver tissues

Hepatic spheroids used as an in vitro model to study malaria relapse

10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.05.032BIOMATERIALS21