127 research outputs found
Caries Management :The Role of Surface Interactions in De- and Remineralization-Processes
Background: Bioadhesion and surface interactions on enamel are of essential relevance
for initiation, progression and prevention of caries and erosions. Salivary proteins on and within
initial carious and erosive lesions can facilitate or aggravate de- and remineralization. This applies
for the pellicle layer, the subsurface pellicle and for proteins within initial carious lesions. Little is
known about these proteinaceous structures related to initial caries and erosion. Accordingly, there is
a considerable demand for an understanding of the underlying processes occurring at the interface
between the tooth surface and the oral cavity in order to develop novel agents that limit and modulate
caries and erosion. Objectives and findings: The present paper depicts the current knowledge of the
processes occurring at the interface of the tooth surface and the oral fluids. Proteinaceous layers on
dental hard tissues can prevent or aggravate demineralization processes, whereas proteins within
initial erosive or carious lesions might hinder remineralization considerably and restrict the entry
of ions into lesions. Conclusions: Despite the fact that organic–inorganic surface interactions are
of essential relevance for de- and remineralization processes at the tooth surface, there is limited
knowledge on these clinically relevant phenomena. Accordingly, intensive research is necessary to
develop new approaches in preventive dentistry
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Bioadhesion in the oral cavity and approaches for biofilm management by surface modifications
Background: All soft and solid surface structures in the oral cavity are covered by the acquired pellicle followed by bacterial colonization. This applies for natural structures as well as for restorative or prosthetic materials; the adherent bacterial biofilm is associated among others with the development of caries, periodontal diseases, peri-implantitis, or denture-associated stomatitis. Accordingly, there is a considerable demand for novel materials and coatings that limit and modulate bacterial attachment and/or propagation of microorganisms. Objectives and findings: The present paper depicts the current knowledge on the impact of different physicochemical surface characteristics on bioadsorption in the oral cavity. Furthermore, it was carved out which strategies were developed in dental research and general surface science to inhibit bacterial colonization and to delay biofilm formation by low-fouling or “easy-to-clean” surfaces. These include the modulation of physicochemical properties such as periodic topographies, roughness, surface free energy, or hardness. In recent years, a large emphasis was laid on micro- and nanostructured surfaces and on liquid repellent superhydrophic as well as superhydrophilic interfaces. Materials incorporating mobile or bound nanoparticles promoting bacteriostatic or bacteriotoxic properties were also used. Recently, chemically textured interfaces gained increasing interest and could represent promising solutions for innovative antibioadhesion interfaces. Due to the unique conditions in the oral cavity, mainly in vivo or in situ studies were considered in the review. Conclusion: Despite many promising approaches for modulation of biofilm formation in the oral cavity, the ubiquitous phenomenon of bioadsorption and adhesion pellicle formation in the challenging oral milieu masks surface properties and therewith hampers low-fouling strategies. Clinical relevance: Improved dental materials and surface coatings with easy-to-clean properties have the potential to improve oral health, but extensive and systematic research is required in this field to develop biocompatible and effective substances. © 2020, The Author(s)
Modification of the Lipid Profile of the Initial Oral Biofilm In Situ Using Linseed Oil as Mouthwash
Lipids are of interest for the targeted modification of oral bioadhesion processes. Therefore,
the sustainable effects of linseed oil on the composition and ultrastructure of the in situ pellicle
were investigated. Unlike saliva, linseed oil contains linolenic acid (18:3), which served as a marker
for lipid accumulation. Individual splints with bovine enamel slabs were worn by five subjects.
After 1 min of pellicle formation, rinses were performed with linseed oil for 10 min, and the slabs’
oral exposure was continued for up to 2 or 8 h. Gas chromatography coupled with electron impact
ionization mass spectrometry (GC-EI/MS) was used to characterize the fatty acid composition of
the pellicle samples. Transmission electron microscopy was performed to analyze the ultrastructure.
Extensive accumulation of linolenic acid was recorded in the samples of all subjects 2 h after the
rinse and considerable amounts persisted after 8 h. The ultrastructure of the 2 h pellicle was less
electron-dense and contained lipid vesicles when compared with controls. After 8 h, no apparent
ultrastructural effects were visible. Linolenic acid is an excellent marker for the investigation of fatty
acid accumulation in the pellicle. New preventive strategies could benefit from the accumulation of
lipid components in the pellicle
Bioadhesion on Textured Interfaces in the Human Oral Cavity—An In Situ Study
Extensive biofilm formation on materials used in restorative dentistry is a common reason
for their failure and the development of oral diseases like peri-implantitis or secondary caries.
Therefore, novel materials and strategies that result in reduced biofouling capacities are urgently
sought. Previous research suggests that surface structures in the range of bacterial cell sizes seem to
be a promising approach to modulate bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. Here we investigated
bioadhesion within the oral cavity on a low surface energy material (perfluorpolyether) with different
texture types (line-, hole-, pillar-like), feature sizes in a range from 0.7–4.5 µm and graded distances
(0.7–130.5 µm). As a model system, the materials were fixed on splints and exposed to the oral
cavity. We analyzed the enzymatic activity of amylase and lysozyme, pellicle formation, and bacterial
colonization after 8 h intraoral exposure. In opposite to in vitro experiments, these in situ experiments
revealed no clear signs of altered bacterial surface colonization regarding structure dimensions and
texture types compared to unstructured substrates or natural enamel. In part, there seemed to be a
decreasing trend of adherent cells with increasing periodicities and structure sizes, but this pattern
was weak and irregular. Pellicle formation took place on all substrates in an unaltered manner.
However, pellicle formation was most pronounced within recessed areas thereby partially masking
the three-dimensional character of the surfaces. As the natural pellicle layer is obviously the most
dominant prerequisite for bacterial adhesion, colonization in the oral environment cannot be easily
controlled by structural means
Preventive Applications of Polyphenols in Dentistry—A Review
Polyphenols are natural substances that have been shown to provide various health benefits.
Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic effects have been described. At the same time,
they inhibit the actions of bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Thus, studies have also examined their effects
within the oral cavity. This review provides an overview on the different polyphenols, and their
structure and interactions with the tooth surface and the pellicle. In particular, the effects of various
tea polyphenols on bioadhesion and erosion have been reviewed. The current research confirms
that polyphenols can reduce the growth of cariogenic bacteria. Furthermore, they can decrease
the adherence of bacteria to the tooth surface and improve the erosion-protective properties of the
acquired enamel pellicle. Tea polyphenols, especially, have the potential to contribute to an oral
health-related diet. However, in vitro studies have mainly been conducted. In situ studies and
clinical studies need to be extended and supplemented in order to significantly contribute to additive
prevention measures in caries prophylaxis
Olive Oil as a Transport Medium for Bioactive Molecules of Plants? : An In Situ Study
(1) Caries and erosions still remain a challenge for preventive dentistry. Certain plant
extracts have shown beneficial effects in preventive dentistry. The aim of this study was to evaluate
the antibacterial, anti-adherent and erosion-protective properties of ellagic acid (EA) as a polyphenolic
agent. The combination with olive oil was investigated additionally to verify a possible improved
bioactive effect of EA. (2) An in situ study was carried out with six subjects. Individual splints were
prepared with bovine enamel specimens. The splints were worn for 1 min (pellicle formation time).
Thereafter, 10 min rinses were performed with EA in water/in oil. Bacterial adherence was evaluated
by fluorescence microscopy (DAPI, ConA, BacLight) after an 8 h oral exposition time. Additionally,
the splints were worn for 30 min to quantify demineralization processes. The ultrastructure of the
pellicle was investigated after an oral exposure time of 2 h under a transmission electron microscope.
Statistical analysis was performed by Kruskal–Wallis tests, Mann–Whitney U tests and Bonferroni–
Holm correction. (3) Rinsing with EA led to a significant reduction of adherent vital and dead bacteria.
The combination with olive oil did not improve these outcomes. The assessment of glucan structures
after rinsing with EA in water showed significant effects. Significant differences were observed for
both rinses in calcium release at pH 3.0. After rinsing with EA in oil, significantly less calcium was
released compared to rinsing with EA in water (pH = 3.0). (4) Olive oil is not suitable as a transport
medium for lipophilic polyphenols. EA has anti-adherent and antibacterial properties in situ. EA also
shows erosion-protective effects, which can be enhanced in combination with olive oil depending on
the pH value. Ellagic acid has a neutral pH and could be an opportunity in the treatment of specific
patient groups (xerostomia or mucositis)
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