Characterization of Hydroxyapatite From Kupang Shells and Its Synthesis with Polycaprolactone for 3D Printing Filament

The number of deaths or fatalities due to accidents in Indonesia is increasing. In addition, traffic accidents can cause serious injuries such as damage to the skull. The bone implantation technique currently used is an autograft, but this technique has some limitations. This limitation of autograft can be overwhelmed with synthetic bone implants, one of which uses a mixture of Polycaprolactone (PCL) and Hydroxyapatite (HAp). A combination of HAp and PCL is recommended because the two materials complement each other's weaknesses and can increase elasticity and quality to produce suitable filaments for 3D printing processes. This study used hydroxyapatite from Kupang Shells by calcination and precipitation methods. Then do the test XRF, XRD, FTIR, and SEM to determine the quality. The results showed that HAp synthesized from Kupang Shells had potential characteristics as bone implants. Next, two methods were used to mix PCL with HAp as a 3D printing filament for bone implants: the dry and wet methods. After that, it is analyzed with SEM and Mechanical Strength. The results of the SEM test of HAp particles in the wet method have more even distribution and a smoother surface than in the dry method. The impact is visible on the filament's mechanical test, which shows better results in the wet method

Optimasi Proses Pemurnian Nira Dengan Metode Klarifikasi pada Sentra Pengrajin Gula Merah Tebu Desa Dukuh dan Slumbung Kabupaten Kediri

Sentra Pengrajin Gula Merah di Desa Dukuh dan Slumbung, Kecamatan Ngadiluwih, Kabupaten Kediri telah menjadi bagian yang tak terpisahkan dari kehidupan masyarakat sejak 1970-an. Dengan partisipasi aktif masyarakat, sentra ini menciptakan inklusi sosial dan mempertahankan tradisi produksi turun-temurun. Meskipun industri ini memberikan lapangan kerja baru dan menghasilkan 2-3 ton gula merah per hari, kualitas produk masih belum memenuhi standar dengan kadar impurities mencapai 5,6%. Masalah tersebut disebabkan oleh proses pemisahan nira yang tidak optimal menggunakan screen filter. Untuk meningkatkan pemurnian nira, penambahan clarifier dilakukan. Metode yang digunakan melibatkan studi literatur, identifikasi masalah, perhitungan neraca massa, energi, dan ekonomi pada proses produksi yang ada, serta perbandingan dengan proses produksi yang dimodifikasi dengan clarifier. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan clarifier dengan flokulan sangat efektif dalam menurunkan kadar impurities hingga 0,05%. Kombinasi dengan press filter menggunakan kain filter 5 mikron membantu menyaring impurities secara maksimal. Selain itu, proses modifikasi juga mengurangi beban pemasakan, energi yang dibutuhkan, dan limbah cair. Hasil produksi juga meningkat menjadi 868.650 kg/tahun. Selain itu, mampu menurunkan beban energi pemasakan. Secara ekonomi, modifikasi ini menguntungkan perusahaan dengan menurunkan nilai Potongan Operasional Tetap (POT) dan Break Even Point (BEP). ===================================================================================================================================== The Brown Sugar Producers Centers in Dukuh and Slumbung Villages, Ngadiluwih District, Kediri Regency have become an integral part of people's lives since the 1970s. With the active participation of the community, this center creates social inclusion and maintains production traditions that have been passed down from generation to generation. Even though this industry provides new jobs and produces 2-3 tons of brown sugar per day, product quality still does not meet standards with impurities reaching 5.6%. This problem is caused by the process of separating the sugarcane juice which is not optimal using a screen filter. To increase the purification of the sugarcane juice, the addition of a clarifier was carried out. The method used involves literature study, problem identification, calculation of mass, energy, and economic balances in existing production processes, as well as comparisons with production processes modified with a clarifier. The results showed that the addition of clarifier with flocculants was very effective in reducing impurities up to 0.05%. The combination with a press filter using a 5 micron filter cloth helps filter impurities to the maximum. In addition, the modification process also reduces the cooking load, energy required, and liquid waste. Production also increased to 868,650 kg/year. In addition, it is able to reduce the cooking energy load. Economically, this modification benefits the company by reducing the value of the Fixed Operational Cut and Break Even Point (BEP)