Dichromacy: Color Vision Impairment and Consanguinity in Heterogenous Population of Pakistan

Background and Objectives: Dichromacy, an X-linked recessive disorder is identified worldwide, more in males than females. In European Caucasians, its incidence is 8% in males and 0.5% in females. In India, it is 8.73% in males and 1.69% in females, and in Iran, it is 8.18% in males and 0.43% in females. Population based epidemiological data about dichromacy in different ethnic groups in Pakistan is not available. The aim of this study was to find out the population prevalence of inherited red-green dichromacy in a heterogenous population of the district of Chiniot, Punjab, Pakistan, and to determine the impact of consanguinity and ethnicity. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, boys and girls of the higher secondary schools were examined in the three tehsils of district Chiniot. Pseudoisochromatic Ishihara Test has been employed for detection of dichromacy in the study population. The sample size was calculated statistically as 260, which was expanded to 705 and divided by population density of the three tehsils. Results: Screening of 359 males and 346 females revealed 19 (5.29%) dichromat males and only 2 (0.58%) females. The study population belonged to 23 castes / isonym groups. The consanguinity found in the district of Chiniot is 84.82% and in the dichromat families, it is 85.71%, of which 52.37% are first cousin. Interpretation & Conclusion: The study has shown that the incidence of dichromacy could be reduced through genetic counselin

Risk Factors of Diarrhoea in Malnourished Children Under Age of 5 Years

Background: Acute infectious enteritis remains one of the commonest causes of death among infants and children in developing countries. Acute enteritis is defined as a loss of stool consistency with pasty or liquid stools, and/or an increase in stool frequency to more than three stools in 24 hours with or without fever or vomiting. Human survival depends on the secretion and reabsorption of fluid and electrolytes in the intestinal tract. The objective of the study is to evaluate the risk factors of diarrhoea in children under age of 5 years. Methodology: It was an observational study. Study was completed in about six months. Non-probability purposive sampling technique was used. In this study, 270 samples were taken from Diarrheal ward of The Children Hospital Lahore, Pakistan. Results: In this study, out of 270 patients, 58.52% were males and 41.48% were females. 90.37% patients were vaccinated. 54.81% had weaning history. 91.85% patients had feeding history. 29.26% had blood in stool. 96.67% patients were dehydrated. 95.56% patients had loose watery diarrhoea. 62.96% patients used boiled water. 58.52% patients consumed less than half litre of water, 30.00% patients consumed 1 litre of water and 11.48% patients consumed > 1 litre of water. 49.18% patients had proper hygiene. 38.15% mothers of patients were well educated. 40.37% patients had model household condition. 57.41% patients lived in rural area and 42.59% patients lived in urban area. Conclusion: The variation in the level of diarrheal morbidity was well explained by maternal education, income, personal hygiene, refuse disposal system and the effect of health extension programme

Economic Production Quantity Multi Produk Mesin Tunggal Dengan Proses Pengolahan Ulang

Efficiency production can be done by rework of the goods with imperfect quality of the resulting decrease in the production process, rework process itself can be done in one cycle and which is separated from the production cycle. With the model of Economic Production Quantity (EPQ) multi products single machine with rework process, will get the size of production and the optimal production time in the production activities are carried out using a multi products single machine and the presence of the reprocessing is done directly in the production cycle, so as to minimize costs. By analyzing the changes in calculation parameters of this model produces policies against the possibility that may occur during the production process

Biomonitoring of trace metals (Fe, Cu and Ni) in the mangrove area of Peninsular Malaysia, using different soft tissues of flat-tree oyster Isognomon alatus.

It is well documented that marine oysters are net bioaccumulators of trace metals and they can be employed as biomonitors of time-integrated measurements of bioavailable metal fractions over their lifetime. In this study, the Malaysian mangrove flat tree oyster Isognomon alatus collected from the estuaries of Lukut River (five sites), Sepang Besar River (one site), and one metal-polluted site at Kg. Pasir Puteh were dissected into muscle, mantle plus gills, byssus, and remaining soft tissues. All the four different soft tissues were analyzed for Fe, Cu, and Ni. Significant spatial differences in the accumulated metal concentrations of the oysters were found between sampling sites, and these could be attributed to anthropogenic inputs including discharges of shrimp ponds (Lukut), animal husbandry (Sepang Besar), sewage, shipping, and industrial effluents (Kg. Pasir Puteh). For Fe, the tissue distribution followed: byssus > mantle plus gill >muscle > remaining soft tissues, while for Cu and Ni, both followed byssus > remaining soft tissues > mantle plus gill > muscle. This indicated that byssus could act as an excretion route for the metals. Based on a correlation analysis between oyster tissues and sediments, selected tissues of I. alatus were shown to be good biomonitors of Ni and Cu contamination, while high regulative capacity of Fe in the oyster tissues could hardly reflect the actual Fe levels in the surroundings. However, the clustering patterns based on metal levels in the four different soft tissues were not in agreement with those based on the geochemical fractions of sediment data. This phenomenon which was due to the metal contamination might not necessarily create high bioavailabilities of metals to the biomonitor I. alatus, which might involve differences in uptake, excretion, and sequestration of metals. Similarly to the Mussel Watch approach, this study points to the very potential use of the different soft tissues of I. alatus as biomonitors for regular biomonitoring in the mangrove area of Peninsular Malaysia

Radiative Corrections in a Vector-Tensor Model

In a recently proposed model in which a vector non-Abelian gauge field interacts with an antisymmetric tensor field, it has been shown that the tensor field possesses no physical degrees of freedom. This formal demonstration is tested by computing the one-loop contributions of the tensor field to the self-energy of the vector field. It is shown that despite the large number of Feynman diagrams in which the tensor field contributes, the sum of these diagrams vanishes, confirming that it is not physical. Furthermore, if the tensor field were to couple with a spinor field, it is shown at one-loop order that the spinor self-energy is not renormalizable, and hence this coupling must be excluded. In principle though, this tensor field does couple to the gravitational field

MicroRNA-129-1 acts as tumour suppressor and induces cell cycle arrest of GBM cancer cells through targeting IGF2BP3 and MAPK1

Background MicroRNA-129-1 (miR-129-1) seems to behave as a tumour suppressor since its decreased expression is associated with different tumours such as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). GBM is the most common form of brain tumours originating from glial cells. The impact of miR-129-1 downregulation on GBM pathogenesis has yet to be elucidated. Methods MiR-129-1 was overexpressed in GBM cells, and its effect on proliferation was investigated by cell cycle assay. MiR-129-1 predicted targets (CDK6, IGF1, HDAC2, IGF2BP3 and MAPK1) were also evaluated by western blot and luciferase assay. Results Restoration of miR-129-1 reduced cell proliferation and induced G1 accumulation, significantly. Several functional assays confirmed IGF2BP3, MAPK1 and CDK6 as targets of miR-129-1. Despite the fact that IGF1 expression can be suppressed by miR-129-1, through 30-untranslated region complementary sequence, we could not find any association between IGF1 expression and GBM. MiR-129-1 expression inversely correlates with CDK6, IGF2BP3 and MAPK1 in primary clinical samples. Conclusion This is the first study to propose miR129-1 as a negative regulator of IGF2BP3 and MAPK1 and also a cell cycle arrest inducer in GBM cells. Our data suggests miR-129-1 as a potential tumour suppressor and presents a rationale for the use of miR-129-1 as a novel strategy to improve treatment response in GBM

STUDY ON ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE PATTERN IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL – AN OBSERVATIONAL RETROSPECTIVE STUDY

Objective: The aim of the study was to monitor the magnitude and trends in antimicrobial resistance through surveillance programs and bacteriological diagnostic methods. Methods: The study research has performed a retrospective observational study for period of 6 months (Dec 2019–June 2020) to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern on cultures of various specimens at Vivekanandha Medical Care Hospital. The resultant data were computed in Microsoft Excel. Analyses were expressed as the total number, frequencies, and percentage. Results: A total of 110 culture and sensitivity reports were collected from microbiology departments. Among the culture report, 84% accounted for gram-negative and 16% for Gram-positive organisms. Out of eight specimens, 15 different bacteria were identified and the most common bacteria were Klebsiella pneumonia (25%), E. coli (14%), Staphylococcus aureus (13%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12%). Conclusion: The interferences from the present study can help in bridging the gap in future educations, training, and adequate decision-making

Use of different tissues of flat-tree oyster Isognomon alatus as biomonitors of bioavailabilities and contamination by Zn in the mangrove area of Peninsular Malaysia

Oyster is a net accumulator of metals, especially Zn, which can be used as a biomonitor of time—integrated records of bioavailable Zn fractions over its life time. Total soft tissues of oysters have been frequently used in metal bio-monitoring study. However, a lot of environmental and biological effects could iniluence the metal data. ln order to reduce such confounding factors, the use of different soft tissues in oysters is proposed in this study. The muscle, mantle plus gills, byssus and remaining soft tissues of flat-tree oyster Lwgnomon alatus, collected from the estuaries of Lukut (5 sites), Sepang Besar (2 sites) and one polluted site at Kg. Pasir Puteh, were analysed for Zn. Signiticant spatial differences in the accumulated Zn concentrations of the oysters (and hence bioavailabilities) were found between sampling sites and estuaries, and these could be attributed to anthropogenic inputs, including discharges of shrimp ponds (Lukut), animal husbandry (Sepang Besar), sewage, shipping and industrial efliuents (Kg. Pasir Puteh). The use of different soft tissues of I. alatus as biomonitors of bioavailability and contamination by Zn in the mangrove area of Peninsular Malaysia is proposed. The erroneous results due to spawning and the problem of defaecation before dissection could be potentially reduced by using the oyster muscle. Hence, a more accurate interpretation of the bioavailability and contamination by heavy metals in coastal waters could be obtained. Overall, the present baseline data based on different soft tissues of the oysters can be used for regular biomonitoring, considering the rapid land-based development in the coastal area of Peninsular Malaysia