Tabu #1 : bilimsel makale yazmak çok zordur(!)

Target Group: Undergraduate student who has never made a scientific research, especially Astronomy students. Objective: To show this group, making a scientific research and resulting it is not much difficult. Method: Making a research on practical, and writing an article. Result: Young scientists who trust themselves, can make a scientific research, made a few support to the Oceon of Science.peer-reviewe

Astronomide yaygin öğrenim arayişlari ve meyvesi beyaz cüce

Executing Expansive Learning, which means learning without any schedule, place or intructor, has confused every astronomers' mind. For us, as the students of different universities and perspectives, it was confusing how to share our knowledge and experience. The astronomy students who met at the 4th National Astronomy Student Congress in 2006, started a solution based on share of knowledge and experience. This report tells us the story of Beyaz Cüce workgroup which created as a result of sharing the knowledge and ideas.peer-reviewe

Global treatment of haemorrhoids-A worldwide snapshot audit conducted by the International Society of University Colon and Rectal Surgeons

AimThere is no universally accepted treatment consensus for haemorrhoids, and thus, management has been individualized all over the world. This study was conducted to assess a global view of how surgeons manage haemorrhoids.MethodsThe research panel of the International Society of University Colon and Rectal Surgeons (ISUCRS) developed a voluntary, anonymous questionnaire evaluating surgeons' experience, volume and treatment approaches to haemorrhoids. The 44 multiple-choice questionnaire was available for one month via the ISUCRS email database and the social media platforms Viber and WhatsApp.ResultsThe survey was completed by 1005 surgeons from 103 countries; 931 (92.6%) were in active practice, 819 (81.5%) were between 30 and 60 years of age, and 822 (81.8%) were male. Detailed patient history (92.9%), perineal inspection (91.2%), and digital rectal examination (91.1%) were the most common assessment methods. For internal haemorrhoids, 924 (91.9%) of participants graded them I-IV, with the degree of haemorrhoids being the most important factor considered to determine the treatment approach (76.3%). The most common nonprocedural/conservative treatment consisted of increased daily fibre intake (86.9%), increased water intake (82.7%), and normalization of bowel habits/toilet training (74.4%). Conservative treatment was the first-line treatment for symptomatic first (92.5%), second (72.4%) and third (47.3%) degree haemorrhoids; however, surgery was the first-line treatment for symptomatic fourth degree haemorrhoids (77.6%). Rubber band ligation was the second-line treatment in first (50.7%) and second (47.2%) degree haemorrhoids, whereas surgery was the second-line treatment in third (82.9%) and fourth (16.7%) degree symptomatic haemorrhoids. Rubber band ligation was performed in the office by 645(64.2%) of the participants. The most common surgical procedure performed for haemorrhoids was an excisional haemorrhoidectomy for both internal (87.1%) and external (89.7%) haemorrhoids - with 716 (71.2%) of participants removing 1, 2 or 3 sectors as necessary.ConclusionAlthough there is no global haemorrhoidal treatment consensus, there are many practice similarities among the different cultures, resources, volume and experience of surgeons around the world. With additional studies, a consensus statement could potentially be developed