Rapid Assessment Inang Reservoir Leptospirosis di Daerah Pasca Gempa Kecamatan Jogonaean, Kabupaten Klaten, Jawa Tengah

RAPID ASSESSMENT INANG RESERVOIR LEPTOSPIROSIS DI DAERAH PASCA GEMPA KECAMATAN JOGONAEAN, KABUPATEN KLATEN, JAWA TENGA

Metode Kontak Tidak Langsung Untuk Uji Kepekaan Pinjal Pada Tikus Terhadap Insektisida

Pada bulan Januari 2005, uji metode tidak langsung untuk uji kepekaan pinjal pada tubuh tikus telah dilakukan di Laboratorium Pes Puskesmas Nongkojajar Kabupaten Pasuruan, Jawa Timur. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui kelayakan alat uji kepekaan pinjal pada tubuh tikus terhadap insektisida (metode kontak tidak langsung).Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa alat uji kepekaan pinjal pada tubuh tikus terhadap insektisida (metode kontak tidak langsung) dapat digunakan untuk uji kepekaan pinjal. Pinjal Xenopsylla cheopis dan Stivalius cognatus peka terhadap insektisida fenitrothion 2,5%, baik dengan metoda kontak lagsung maupun metode kontak tidak langsung. LT50 (Lethal Time 50%) pada metode kontak tidak langsung, pinjal X. cheopis yang diinvestasikan pada tikus rumah Rattus rattus diardii adalah 18 menit dan pada metode kontak langsung, LT50 pinjal X. cheopis adalah 12 menit. LT95 pada pinjal yang sama untuk metode kontak langsung adalah 60,9 menit dan 62,3 menit untuk metode kontak tidak langsung. Pinjal tikus hutan S. Cognatus pada tikus ladang Rattus Exulans, LT50 adalah 16 menit untuk metode kontak langsung dan 31 menit untuk metode kontak tidak lamgsung, sedangkan LT95 untuk S. Cognatus pada metoda kontak langsung adalah 59 menit dan 114 menit untuk metode kontak tidak langsung

Pengaruh Status Imunisasi Difteri Pertusis dan Tetanus terhadap Respon Kekebalan Difteri dan Tetanus pada Murid Kelas I Sekolah Dasar di Kecamatan Cimandala

A preliminary study has been carried out to investigate the effect of DPT immunization status on immune response against diphtheria and tetanus in the program of School Immunization Month (locally referred to as Bulan Imunisasi Anak Sekolah, BIAS) for children aged 5-6 years old after the immunization with DT 1 dosage. The research involved 92 primary school children of grade 1 in sub-district Cimandala, Bogor district. Objective of the research was to support the BIAS program that was started in 1998. The specific objective was to examine the level of immunity and the average antibody titre against diphtheria and tetanus after the immunization with DT 1 dosage as well as to explore the relationship between titre antibody with DPT 3 immunization status (complete) and DPT < 3 (incomplete). The research findings showed that one year after immunization with DT 1 dosage the percentage of immunity against diphtheria and tetanus in children with DPT 3 status was recorded at 96.5% and 100% with the geometric mean titre (GMT) of 0.3022 IU/ml and 1.5536 IU/ml respectively. The percentage of immunity against diphtheria and tetanus for children with the dosage of DPT < 3 was 100% with the GMT of 0.2862 IU/ml and 1.4306 IU/ml respectively. It may be concluded that there was no significant difference (p<0.05) between children with basic immunization status of DPT 3 and DPT < 3. Considering the fact that coverage qf DPT 3 since 1990 has been more than 80%, and taking into consideration findings of the research, it is suggested that screening of basic immunization status or primary school children of grade 1 can be ignored. Further research is required to explore the immunity originated after immunization with TT 1 dosage for grade 2 and 3 school children, that is after obtaining a complete 5 dosage of TT immunization. There is a need to study anti titre against diphtheria in the long term

Karakteristik Molekuler Segmen L Virus Seoul (SEOV) dari Rattus Norvegicus Asal Semarang, Jawa Tengah

Seoul virus (SEOV) is one of four hantaviruses causing haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). The virus was a negative single-strand RNA genome that consists of three segments, S, M, and L. The aim of study was to characterize L segment Seoul virus of R. norvegicus from Semarang and it can be used as biological material such as vaccine development or diagnostic material. The sample of study was RNA Seoul virus isolate of R. norvegicus lung tissue from Semarang. Amplification L segment was used by nested PCR. Data analysis used GenBank database and phylogenetic tree was constructed using Mega 6 software. The result showed the homology of isolate from Semarang and GenBank nucleotide level ranged from 93.1 to 97.1% and amino acid level ranged from 98,1 to 100%. Analysis of phylogenetic showed Seoul virus from Semarang closer to Seoul virus from France and Jakarta. The conclution of this research was the character of L segment Seoul virus from Semarang has more in common with the Seoul virus from French and JakartaKeywords : Seoul virus, L segment, SemarangAbstrakVirus Seoul adalah satu satu dari empat spesies Hantavirus penyebab Haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). Virus Seoul merupakan virus RNA negatif rantai tunggal, terdiri dari tiga segmen gen yaitu S, M, dan L. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkarakterisasi segmen L virus Seoul dari R. norvegicus asal Semarang. Diharapkan isolat virus yang telah terkarakterisasi dapat dijadikan sebagai bahan biologik, baik untuk pengembangan vaksin maupun untuk bahan diagnostik. Sampel penelitian yang digunakan adalah RNA virus Seoul yang diisolasi dari jaringan paru R. norvegicus asal Semarang. Amplifikasi segmen L virus Seoul dilakukan dengan nested-PCR. Analisis menggunakan data pembanding dari GenBank. Pohon filogenetik disusun menggunakan program Mega 6. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan homologi antara virus Seoul asal Semarang dengan sekuen asal GenBank ditingkat nukleotida berkisar antara 93.1 97.1% dan ditingkat asam amino 98,1 100%. Homologi tertinggi ditingkat nukleotida (97,1%) dengan sekuen virus Seoul asal Perancis. Hasil analisis filogenetik menunjukkan Virus Seoul asal Semarang lebih dekat dengan virus Seoul asal Perancis dan Jakarta. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa karakter segmen L virus Seoul asal Semarang mempunyai lebih banyak kesamaan dengan virus Seoul asal Perancis dan Jakarta.Kata kunci : Virus Seoul, Segmen L, Semaran

Evaluasi Serologi dan Cakupan Imunisasi Dpt di 3 Kabupaten di Nusa Tenggara Barat

A survey to evaluate the effectiveness of DPT immunization was carried out consisting of serological assay and coverage in 3 regencies in West Nusa Tenggara Province. The sample consists of 630 children, 1-2 years of age in the regencies of Central and East Lombok, in Lombok Island, and Bima in Sumbawa Island. Cluster sampling (WHO) was applied as sampling method. Thirty clusters were selected from each regency, and from each cluster 7 children were selected. Mothers were interviewed, and 0.1 ml of blood was taken from each child. Antibodies against diphtheria and tetanus were measured by Passive Haemagglutination (PHA) test, and antibodies against pertussis were measured by micro agglutination test. The average of coverage immunization of DPT 3 in 3 regencies in NTB province (88.57%) did not show significant differences if compared with the coverage reported from 1989 and 1990. Immunization with DPT 1, 2, and 3 in regencies of Central and East Lombok showed higher coverage compared to Bima. The utilization of KMS cards in 3 regencies is 52.38%. The average percentages of protected children against diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus 1-2 years post complete DPT vaccination were 65.10%, 30.08%, and 98.10% respectively. The average means of antibodies titers against diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus were 0.036 IU/ml, 35.328% U/ml and 1.665 IU/ml respectively. The immune response against pertussis in Bima was very low, which is probably be due to constraints in cold chain handling during vaccine transportation, and low utilization of KMS cards, resulting in inaccurate information on immunization status

Sensitivitas Kuman Neisseria Meningitidis yang Diisolasi dari Jamaah Haji Indonesia terhadap Beberapa Antibiotik

The meningitis meningococcal disease caused by Neisseriae meningitidis is an infection of meninges and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the brain and the spinal cord. N. meningitidis is classified into 13 serogroups based on the immunologic reactivity of the capsular polysaccharide. Since 1993 the number of cases and carriers of haj pilgrims from Indonesia have increased. In 1996 the carrier rate was 9,4%, and case fatality rate of Indonesian haj pilgrims in Saudi Arabia was 71,4%. The dominant serogroup was serogroup B. The meningitis vaccine of serogroup B is not available yet. Until now there is not enough information of the laboratory results from the hospital in Saudi Arabia, regarding the strain that caused the infection of haj pilgrims from Indonesia. To prevent transmission of the disease among Haj pilgrims, since 1997, chemoprophylaxis with ciprofloxacine has been given to close contact persons of haj pilgrim patient. The objectives of this study are: First, to know the effectiveness of ciprofloxacin in decreasing the carrier rate of meningitis meningococcus in haj pilgrims. Second, to identify the serogroup of N. meningitidis isolated from carrier or patient and thirdly to know the sensitivity of bacteria to several antibiotics recommended by WHO. Nasofaringeal swabs were taken from 914 haj pilgrims from group of contact person of cases or suspected cases and 311 haj pilgrims from control group at embarkation in Jakarta. Ciprofloxacin was given to the study group in Saudi Arabia. Isolation and serogrouping were carried out for serogroup A, B, C. The result shows that the effectiveness of ciprofloxacin to N. meningitidis in the treated group were 98.58% and control were 85.54%, respectively. The serogroup of N. meningitidis is isolated from 13 carriers of treated group 69,23% could not be classified as serogroup A, B, or C. In the control group, 45 isolated strains from carriers consist of serogroup B 40%, serogroup C 28,9%, serogroup A 20%. Most strains of isolated bacteria were resistant against rifampicin, the antibiotic given as prophylaxis to haj pilgrims before 1997.Further study is needed to identify virulence strain from haj pilgrims and population, and to know the prevalence of the disease in Indonesi

Habitat Istirahat Vektor Malaria Di Daerah Endemis Kecamatan Kokap Kabupaten Kulon Progo Propinsi Daerah Istimewa YOGYAKARTA

The Resting Places of Malaria Vectors in Endemic Area Kokap Sub District Kulon Progo Regency Daerah lstimewa Yogyakarta Province.Resting place of malaria vectors study in Kokap Sub District, Kulon Progo Regency, YogyakartaProvince had been conducted in Hargotirto, Kalirejo, Hargowilis and Hargorejo villages in 2005. The aimsof the study were to find out the resting places malaria vectors including the ecological factors. Mosquitoes resting on different surfaces (indoor and outdoor) are collected by using an aspirator to study the resting habits. Morning collection done by 6 people in outdoor, and 2 people indoor. The result showed that 102 mosquitoes was find, there were 56.86% An. maculaws, 1.96% An. balabacensis, 7.84% An. aconitus, 15.69% An. vagus, 5.88% An. flavirostris, 0.98% An. barbirostris, 10.78% An. minimus. Almost the mosquitoes (include An. maculatus) were found in the hole of the ground (40.20%), 28.43% at the bush, 19.61% in the corral, 0.98% at the bodary of salak plantation and 10.78% was trapped in the light trap. Physical factors at the study areas showed that temperature between 24°C-27°C, humidity 90%-92%, the sunlight about 2000-8000 Lx, and velocity between 0-2 m/sec. Needed more study for method to find out the resting places malaria vectors especially for An. balabacensis

Pengaruh Model Diskursus Multy Representasy (DMR) terhadap Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah Matematika Siswa

Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh model pembelajaran DMR terhadap kemampuan pemecahan masalah siswa. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif eksperimental dengan desain penelitian posttest-only control design. Instrumen pada artikel ini menggunakan tes yaitu tes kemampuan pemecahan masalah siswa materi kubus dan balok. Data kemampuan pemecahan masalah diperoleh melalui posttest. Analisis data diolah dengan menggunakan uji-t. Hasil perhitungan analisis data diperoleh thitung (3,113) > ttabel (1,960), maka dapat dikatakan bahwa rata-rata kemampuan pemecahan masalah yang diajar dengan model DMR dan model Direct instruction terdapat perbedaan, serta kemampuan pemecahan masalah siswa yang diajar dengan model DMR lebih baik dari kemampuan pemecahan masalah siswa yang diajar dengan model Direct Instruction