OPTIMIZATION AND KINETICS STUDY OF BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM PALM OIL MILL EFFLUENT UNDER ANAEROBIC PROCESS

Abstrak: Various factors has influenced to the products during the anaerobic fermentation process pathway including pH as the main factors. This research study on kinetics of the bioethanol production at different pH conditions (5.5, 6.5-7.5 and 8.5) with artificial palm oil mill effluent with various concentrations of COD (10 g/L, 15 g/L, and 20 g/L) as a substrate. The optimum condition of pH value which provided the maximum bioethanol production under fermentation process from artificial wastewater will be re-implemented and adjusted the pH of palm oil mill effluent (POME) according to the characteristic of COD. Batch reactor will be used in this research study to preserve the microbial activity for converting substrate into bioethanol production within 72 hours. Nitrogen purged for the first 24 hours will be conducted to remove any residual oxygen from the reactor then internal gas in headspace of the reactor circulation system will be replaced as a mixing system. Microorganisms are taken from cow rumen mixed with palm oil mill effluent sludge. The kinetic studies will be determined such as product formation as bioethanol using Modified Gompertz model and substrate consumption using first-order kinetic. Bioethanol and acids yield and production rate will be determined as well. The result of ethanol production from the experiment was shown that the optimum pH condition from initial COD concentration of 10 g/L was in neutral condition and from 15 and 20 g/L were in acidic condition with the concentration of 12.36 g/L, 10.42 g/L, and 20.91 g/L, respectively. According to characteristic of POME wastewater, the concentration of COD was about 15 g/L then pH condition was operated into acidic condition (pH 5.5). From the experiment of the POME wastewater, the ethanol production obtained the maximum in 72 hours of 3.73 g/L. Ethanol yield and production rate from POME were 1.93 g/g and 51.87 mg/L/hr, respectively. Total volatile fatty acids yield and production rate from POME were 2.34 g/g and 62.95 mg/L/hr, respectively.secara rata-rata faktor keamanan sampah terkompaksi melewati standar TPA sementara dan permanen. Kata kunci: pH, kinetic, fermentation, ethanol production, palm oil mill effluent (POME) Abstract: Beberapa factor dapat mempengaruhi produk selama proses anaerobic fermentasi termasuk pH sebagai faktor utama. Penelitian ini mengkaji kinetika produksi bioetanol pada kondisi pH yang berbeda (5,5, 6,5-7,5 dan 8,5) menggunakan limbah pabrik kelapa sawit artifisial dengan berbagai konsentrasi COD (10 g/L, 15 g/L, dan 20 g/L) sebagai substrat. Kondisi optimum nilai pH yang menghasilkan produksi bioetanol maksimum dalam proses fermentasi dari limbah artifisial akan diimplementasikan kembali dan disesuaikan pH limbah pabrik kelapa sawit (POME) sesuai karakteristik COD. Reaktor batch akan digunakan dalam penelitian ini untuk mempertahankan aktivitas mikroba dalam mengubah substrat menjadi bioetanol dalam waktu 72 jam. Nitrogen yang dimurnikan selama 24 jam pertama akan dilakukan untuk menghilangkan sisa oksigen dari reaktor maka gas internal di ruang kepala sistem sirkulasi reaktor akan diganti sebagai sistem pencampuran. Mikroorganisme yang digunakan diambil dari rumen sapi yang dicampur dengan lumpur buangan pabrik kelapa sawit. Studi kinetik akan ditentukan seperti pembentukan produk bioetanol dengan menggunakan model modifikasi Gompertz dan konsumsi substrat menggunakan kinetika orde satu . Nilai Yield dari bioetanol dan asam, serta laju produksi dari bioethanol dan asam juga akan ditentukan. Hasil produksi etanol dari percobaan menunjukkan bahwa kondisi pH optimum dari konsentrasi COD awal 10 g/L berada dalam  kondisi netral dan dari 15 dan 20 g/L berada dalam kondisi asam dengan konsentrasi masing-masing 12,36 g/L, 10,42 g/L, dan 20,91 g/L. Menurut karakteristik air limbah POME, konsentrasi COD sekitar 15 g/L kemudian kondisi pH dioperasikan ke dalam kondisi asam (pH 5.5). Dari percobaan limbah cair POME, produksi etanol diperoleh maksimum dalam 72 jam adalah 3,73 g/L. Hasil etanol dan laju produksi POME adalah 1,93 g/g dan 51,87 mg/L /jam. Total hasil asam lemak volatil dan laju produksi dari POME masing-masing adalah 2,34g/g dan 62,95 mg/L/jam. Keywords: pH, kinetik, fermentasi, produksi etanol, limbah pabrik kelapa sawit (POME

EFISIENSI PENYISIHAN ORGANIK LIMBAH CAIR INDUSTRI TAHU DENGAN ALIRAN HORIZONTAL SUBSURFACE PADA CONSTRUCTED WETLAND MENGGUNAKAN Typha angustifolia

Abstrak: Industri tahu menghasilkan limbah cair yang mengandung kadar organik yang tinggi. Sebelum dibuang ke badan air, limbah cair tersebut perlu diolah agar memenuhi baku mutu. Salah satu metode pengolahan yang dapat diterapkan adalah horizontal constructed wetland dengan sistem aliran sub-surface. Penelitian ini menggunakan reaktor yang ditanami Typha angustifolia. Air yang masuk ke reaktor merupakan efluen hasil produksi tahu yang telah diendapkan dan diencerkan.Variasi yang digunakan adalah perbedaan beban organik yaitu 500 mg/L COD dan 1000 mg/L COD; dan HRT (hydraulic residence time) atau waktu detensi yaitu 0.5 hari, 1 hari, dan 2 hari. Di antara variasi tersebut, efisiensi penyisihan TSS tertinggi (89,4%) dihasilkan dari variasi dengan konsentrasi influen 1000 mg/L COD dan waktu detensi 2 hari, efisiensi penyisihan COD tertinggi (90,59%) dihasilkan dari variasi dengan konsentrasi influen 500 mg/L COD dan waktu detensi 1 hari, efisiensi penyisihan Fosfat tertinggi (85,15%) dihasilkan dari variasi dengan konsentrasi influen 1000 mg/L COD dan waktu detensi 2 hari., efisiensi penyisihan Nitrogen tertinggi (53,24%) dihasilkan dari variasi dengan konsentrasi influen 500 mg/L COD dan waktu detensi 0,5 hari. Secara garis besar, reaktor wetland dengan tanaman Typha angustifolia dapat menurunkan parameter organik sehingga sesuai dengan baku mutu yang telah ditetapkan. Kata kunci: waktu detensi, beban organik, pengendapan, limbah tahu, wetland. Abstract: Soybean curd industry produces wastewater contains a high amount of organic content. The wastewater should be treated until it complies with the requirement of effluent standard before disposal to water body. One of the treatment methods is horizontal constructed wetland with sub-surface flow system. This research was using two reactor that has been planted by Typha angustifolia. The wastewater was a sedimented and dilluted effluent from tofu production proccess. The variation of this research is difference between organic loading which are 500 mg/L COD and 1000 mg/L COD; and HRT (hydraulic retention time which are 0.5 day, 1 day, and 2 days. Within those variation, the highest removal efficiency of TSS (89,4%) is resulted from variation with influent concentration 1000 mg/L COD and HRT 2 days, the highest removal efficiency of COD (90,59%) is resulted from variation with influent concentration 500 mg/L COD and HRT 1 day, the highest removal efficiency of Phosphate (85,15%) is resulted from variation with influent concentration 1000 mg/L COD and HRT 2 days, and the highest removal efficiency of Nitrogen (53,24%) is resulted from variation with influent concentration 1000 mg/L COD and HRT 0,5 day. Overall, constructed wetland reactor with Typha angustifolia plantation could decrease organic parameter from soybean curd wastewater until meet the effluent standard. Key words: Hydraulic Residence Time, organic loading, sedimentation, soybean curd waste, wetland.  

PENGARUH VARIASI SUBSTRAT DAN ORGANIC LOADING RATE PADA PEMBENTUKAN BIOGRANULAR AEROB DALAM SEQUENCING BATCH REACTOR

Abstrak : Sistem lumpur aktif konvensional merupakan sebuah teknologi pengolahan air limbah secara biologi yang sudah sering dijumpai dalam instalasi pengolah air limbah. Terdapat dua tangki pengolahan dalam lumpur aktif konvensional, yaitu tangki aerasi dan tangki pengendapan. Pada tangki pengendapan, biomassa tersuspensi memiliki kecepatan pengendapan yang relatif rendah sehingga waktu retensi hidrolik menjadi lebih lama. Hal ini menyebabkan luas lahan yang dibutuhkan untuk tangki pengendapan menjadi lebih besar. Untuk mengoptimalkan penggunaan lahan, diperlukan unit pengolahan yang lebih kompak, yaitu dengan menggunakan Sequencing Batch Reactor. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk membentuk granular aerob yang memiliki kecepatan pengendapan yang tinggi serta unit pengolahan yang lebih kompak.Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan kolom reaktor setinggi 1,2 m dengan volume sebesar 2,4 liter. Penelitian dilakukan dengan dua jenis substrat, yaitu glukosa dan asetat. Variasi Organic Loading Rate (OLR) yang dilakukan yaitu 24 dan 5 kg COD/ m3.hari. Waktu pengendapan dijadikan variabel tetap dengan durasi 10 menit. Laju aliran udara yang digunakan yaitu 1 liter/menit. Hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian dengan OLR 24 kg COD/m3.hari pada substrat glukosadapat membentuk granular dengan ukuran berkisar antara 1,6-13,77 mm, sedangkan pada substrat asetat dapat membentuk granular dengan ukuran berkisar antara 1,3-26,5 mm. Pada variasi OLR 5 kg COD/ m3.hari, kedua substrat menunjukkan hasil yang hampir serupa, yaitu dapat membentuk granular dengan ukuran sebesar 0,3-2 mm.

STUDI OPTIMASI PENGGUNAAN LAHAN BASAH TERAERASI UNTUK PENYISIHAN PADATAN TERLARUT PADA AIR TERPRODUKSI

Abstrak: Air terproduksi merupakan produk sampingan dari proses produksi indutsri minyak dan gas. Kualitas air terproduksi beragam, namun secara umum memiliki konsentrasi total dissolved solid (TDS) yang relatif tinggi. Pada konsentrasi tinggi, Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) dapat menyebabkan perubahan  rasa pada air, pengendapan mineral dan korosi. Teknologi wetland dapat menjadi alternatif pengolahan yang mudah diterapkan dan relatif murah. Penambahan aerasi diharapkan mampu meningkatkan efisiensi penyisihan TDS. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat pengaruh penambahan aerasi pada wetland, waktu detensi/waktu tinggal yang optimum, dan penambahan Cyperus nutans yang digunakan sebagai vegetasi terhadap penyisihan TDS dan parameter lainnya. Sejauh ini, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan aerasi dapat meningkatkan efiensi penyisihan TDS dibandingkan dengan penelitian sejenis yang tidak menggunakan aerasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa efisiensi penyisihan TDS pada reaktor dengan penambahan aerasi lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan reaktor yang diaerasi.Kata kunci: Air terproduksi, Aerasi, Total Dissolved Solid, WetlandAbstract: Produced water is formed from oil and gas industry's production process.The quality of produced water is very diverse, depends on the tipe of oil, the soil, and many more. However, produced water has a simillar characteristic, which is Total Dissolved Solid. In high concentration,  Total Dissolved Solidscan cause mineral sedimentation, and give a bitter taste in the water. Wetland provide an alternative solution to processed the water. The adding of aeration might increase the removal eficiency of Total Dissolved Solid. The aim of the study is to observe the influence of the addition of wetland aeration, detention time, and also type of plant that used as vegetation. So far, the observation result that the addition of aeration can increase the removal eficiency of Total Dissolved Solid.Key words: aerated wetland, aeration, produced water, Total Dissolved Soli

EVALUASI EFLUEN PENGOLAHAN AIR LIMBAH DOMESTIK KOMUNAL UNTUK KEMUNGKINAN PEMAKAIAN SEBAGAI AIR DAUR ULANG

Abstrak: Terdapat tiga tujuan utama pemanfaatan air daur ulang yang dapat dipraktekkan pada tujuh objek studi IPAL komunal, yaitu untuk pertanian, perikanan, dan kebutuhan umum yang meliputi air pencucian kendaraan, penyiraman taman, air flushing toilet, dan suplai air pemadam kebakaran. Evaluasi terhadap performa dan kualitas efluen dari IPAL Cimanggung, Wangisagara, Bogor, Karawang, Cingised, Muara Baru,  dan  Pulo  Gebang  perlu  dilakukan  untuk  mengetahui  kelayakan  sebagai  sumber  air  daur  ulang. Indonesia belum memiliki regulasi yang mengatur praktik air daur ulang, maka perlu disusun baku mutu air daur ulang yang akan digunakan sebagai acuan dalam mengevaluasi IPAL komunal. Proses penyusunan dilakukan dengan analisa konten terhadap standar internasional, baku mutu air daur ulang negara lain, dan NSPM penggunaan air bersih dan pengolahan air limbah yang berlaku di Indonesia sehingga tersusun longlist parameter.  Lalu  pembuatan  kuesioner  untuk  memperoleh  shortlist  parameter,  yang  hasilnya  divalidasi melalui FGD dengan mengundang pakar air daur ulang dari ITB, LIPI, Dinas KLH, Kementerian Pertanian, Diskimrum, dan Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum, hingga menghasilkan draft Acuan Baku Mutu Air Daur Ulang. Hasil evaluasi menunjukkan bahwa kualitas efluen IPAL Cingised dan Pulo Gebang sudah memenuhi acuan baku mutu air daur ulang hasil analisis dan dapat digunakan untuk tujuan pemanfaatan pertanian, perikanan dan kebutuhan umum. IPAL komunal lainnya perlu pengembangan terhadap sistemnya dengan pilihan rekomendasi teknologi yang  diusulkan  dari hasil analisis  menggunakan  metode  Simple Additive Weighting: IPAL Cimanggung (1.Filtrasi), IPAL Wangisagara (1.Filtrasi, 2.Koagulasi flokulasi, 3.Adsorpsi,4.RO), IPAL Bogor (1.Koagulasi flokulasi, 2.Adsorpsi, 3.RO), IPAL Karawang (1.Koagulasi flokulasi, 2. Adsorpsi, 3.RO), IPAL Muara Baru (1.Koagulasi flokulasi, 2.Adsorpsi, 3.RO). Kata kunci: baku mutu, daur ulang, limbah domestik, IPAL komunal, pemilihan teknologi Abstract: There are three main objectives for the use of reclaimed water which can be practiced on seven objects of communal WWTP studies, namely for agriculture, fisheries, and general use which include vehicle washing water, garden watering, toilet water wetting, and firefighting water supply. The performance and quality  evaluation  of  Cimanggung,  Wangisagara,  Bogor,  Karawang,  Cingised,  Muara  Baru,  and  Pulo Gebang WWTP were conducted to determine the feasibility of being a reclaimed water source. Indonesia has no regulations on reclamation water, it is necessary to establish reclamation water quality standards that will be used as a reference in evaluating communal WWTPs. The design process is carried out by analyzing content against international standards, reclamation water quality standards in other countries, and NSPM using clean water and wastewater treatment in Indonesia so that a longlist of parameters is compiled. Then the questionnaire was made to get a shortlist of parameters, the results were then validated through the FGD by inviting wastewater experts from ITB, LIPI, Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Diskimrum, and Ministry of Public Works, to produce Reference of  Reclaimed Water Standard Quality. Evaluation results indicate that the effluent quality of the Cingised WWTP and Pulo Gebang meets the Reference of Reclaimed  Water Standard  Quality and  can  be  used  for agriculture,  fisheries and  general  use.  Other communal WWTPs require the development on its system with technology recommendations from result analysis using the Simple Additive Additive method: IPAL Cimanggung (1. Filtration), IPAL Wangisagara (1. Filtration, 2. Coagulation-flocculation, 3. Adsorption, 4.RO), Bogor IPAL ( 1. Coagulation-flocculation,2. Adsorption, 3.RO), Karawang Karawang (1. Coagulation-flocculation, 2. Adsorption, 3.RO), New WWTP Estuary (1. Coagulation-flocculation, 2. Adsorption, 3. RO). Keywords: communal WWTP, domestic wastewater, quality standard, reclaimed water, technology selectio

The Effect of Filter Media Size and Loading Rate to Filter Performance of Removing Microplastics using Rapid Sand Filter

Microplastics (MP) can pose a serious threat to the environment and human health because of their tiny size and ability to spread easily in water. One of the alternative treatments to remove MP from water is the rapid sand filter (RSF). The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of filter media size and loading rate on RSF performance in removing MP. The applied filter media was silica sand with effective sizes (ES) of 0.39 and 0.68 mm. The loading rates of filtration were 4; 6; 8 and 10 m3/m2-h. The MP samples were made from plastic bags and torn tires (artificial samples: 10 to 800 µm). This study showed that the MP removal percentage was up to 96.6% (MP size larger than 200 µm). The head loss increment for loading rates 4; 6; 8; 10 m3/m2-h was 0.16; 0.35; 0.34; 0.25 m (ES 0.39 m) and 0.10; 0.18; 0.18; 0.19 m (ES 0.68 m)), respectively. Meanwhile, the filtration cycle for loading rates 4; 6; 8; and 10 m3/m2-h was 5, 2, 2, and 1 days (ES 0.39 mm) and 9, 4, 3, and 3 days (ES 0.68 mm), respectively. The result of this study showed that the smaller the filter media size, the higher the head loss of the filter media bed. Furthermore, there is an increased head loss of the filter media bed when the loading rate is greater

The Effect of Filter Media Size and Loading Rate to Filter Performance of Removing Microplastics using Rapid Sand Filter

Microplastics (MP) can pose a serious threat to the environment and human health because of their tiny size and ability to spread easily in water. One of the alternative treatments to remove MP from water is the rapid sand filter (RSF). The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of filter media size and loading rate on RSF performance in removing MP. The applied filter media was silica sand with effective sizes (ES) of 0.39 and 0.68 mm. The loading rates of filtration were 4; 6; 8 and 10 m3/m2-h. The MP samples were made from plastic bags and torn tires (artificial samples: 10 to 800 µm). This study showed that the MP removal percentage was up to 96.6% (MP size larger than 200 µm). The head loss increment for loading rates 4; 6; 8; 10 m3/m2-h was 0.16; 0.35; 0.34; 0.25 m (ES 0.39 m) and 0.10; 0.18; 0.18; 0.19 m (ES 0.68 m)), respectively. Meanwhile, the filtration cycle for loading rates 4; 6; 8; and 10 m3/m2-h was 5, 2, 2, and 1 days (ES 0.39 mm) and 9, 4, 3, and 3 days (ES 0.68 mm), respectively. The result of this study showed that the smaller the filter media size, the higher the head loss of the filter media bed. Furthermore, there is an increased head loss of the filter media bed when the loading rate is greater

The Effect of Nitrogen Gas Flushing on Intermediate Products Formation in Acidogenic Stage of Anaerobic Process of Cocoa Sweatings

Cocoa is one of Indonesian-main plantation commodities. During the cocoa seed drying process, there are two types of waste that are cocoa pod and cocoa sweating. Since the organic compounds contained in cocoa sweating is high enough, it is possible to anaerobically treat this wastewater in order to recover either intermediate or end products. Preliminary study showed that the existence of H2 in the reactor would block acetic acid formation. Therefore, the aim of this current experiment was to decrease hydrogen partial pressure by flushing various nitrogen gas flow rate to shift the intermediate products during the cocoa sweating anaerobic treatment. The experiments were carried on a Circulating Bed Reactor (CBR) which contained organic compounds around 100,000 mg/l COD. Then, the reactor was flushed continuously with nitrogen gas as without flushing, 125 ml/min, 500 ml/min and 750 ml/min. The results show there was a possibility that the introduction of nitrogen gas into the reactor could shift the profile of the intermediate product formation. At lower nitrogen gas flow rate more ethanol was formed than acetate formation, although at higher nitrogen gas flow rate the formation of acetate was still low enough.

PEMILIHAN ALTERNATIF PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH CAIR DOMESTIK DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE DEPENDENCE AND DRIVING POWER (DDPA) DAN ANALYTIC NETWORK PROCESS (ANP) (STUDI KASUS: KOTA DEPOK)

Abstrak: Minimnya fasilitas sanitasi pada sebagian besar masyarakat di Kota Depok, menyebabkan pemerintah setempat berencana untuk membangun sistem pengolahan limbah cair domestik. Penelitian ini bermaksud untuk memberi masukan kepada pemerintah setempat mengenai sistem terbaik yang dapat diimplementasikan di Kota Depok, dengan mempertimbangkan beberapa kriteria dan sub kriteria yang saling berkaitan. Alternatif sistem yang akan dipilih pada penelitian ini adalah komunal dan kawasan. Metode Dependence-Driving Power Analysis (DDPA) digunakan untuk menjelaskan ketergantungan antar sub kriteria yang dikategorikan ke dalam klaster empat kuadran. Sedangkan metode multikriteria Analytic Network Process (ANP) digunakan untuk membantu membuat keputusan berdasarkan kriteria dan sub kriteria pendukung. Melalui kuesioner berpasangan (pairwise comparison) dapat diketahui hubungan inner dependence (keterkaitan dalam satu kriteria) dan hubungan outer dependence (keterkaitan antar kriteria). Hasil analisis awal dengan metode Dependence and Driving Power menunjukkan bahwa kriteria maupun sub kriteria teknis dianggap tidak terlalu penting. Responden lebih menitikberatkan pada masalah ekonomi, sosial, lingkungan, dan kelembagaan. Berdasarkan hasil analisis dengan metode ANP, kriteria yang dianggap paling penting adalah kriteria lingkungan, dengan mempertimbangkan dampak negatif yang ditimbulkan terhadap udara dan air. Alternatif pengolahan limbah cair domestik yang sesuai untuk Kota Depok berdasarkan sistesis prioritas alternatif adalah sistem kawasan dengan bobot 0,71 dari 1. Kata kunci: Sistem Komunal, Sistem Kawasan, Kriteria, Dependence-Driving Power Analysis, Analytic Network Process Abstract: The local government plans to build a domestic Waste Water Treatment System, because lack of sanitation facility in most of Depok areas. This study intends to suggest local government about the best alternative system to be implemented in Depok by considering some interrelated criteria and sub-criteria. The alternative systems to be selected in this research are communal and cluster. The Dependence-Driving Power Analysis method was used to describe the strength of dependence between sub-criteria that are categorized in four clusters. Whereas the Analytic Network Process (ANP) method was used to make decisions based on criteria and sub-criteria. Through pair questionnaire (pairwise comparison), the inner dependence relations and outer dependence relations could be known. First analysis by Dependence and Driving Power indicates that the technical criteria deemed to be insignificantly of importance. The respondents were more focused on economic, social environmental and institutional issues. According to the analysis result by the ANP method, the environmental aspect is considered as the most important criterion, as it considers the negative impact to air and water. Based on the analysis of synthesis priority alternative, the most significant wastewater system suitable for Depok is cluster system with score of 0.71 out of 1. Keywords: Communal System, Cluster System, Criteria, Dependence-Driving Power Analysis, Analytic Network Proces

Kinerja Bioreaktor Hibrid Anaerob dengan Media Batu untuk Pengolahan Air Buangan yang Mengandung Molase

Anaerobic hybrid bioreactor is a combination of suspended and attached growth systems. Stone was used as the microorganism attachment media. The feeding solution was made from molasses diluted to COD concentration of 10,000, 20,000, 30,000 and 40,000 mg/L. The hydraulic detention time was 30 hours and the height ratio between suspended and attached growth system was 0.5. The result shows that the organic concentration seems to be on of the determining factors. Furthermore, since the methane production was still low enough, it seems that the process has not achieved its optimum condition for methanogenic stage.