Linking Science and Technology with Industry

In recent years, as the development of science and technology rapidly accelerated, science- and technology-based industries have emerged. Representative examples are the Information and Telecommunications (IT) industry in the late 20th century and more recently the BioTechnology (BT) and NanoTechnology (NT) industries. However, despite the emergence of science- and technology- based industries, industrial policy-makers have suffered difficulties in grasping exactly what kinds of science and technology they should manage. Therefore, in this research, I propose a method of linking science and technology with industry, by adopting the media wherethrough they are delivered. As the media for conveying science and technology, I make use of the scientific articles administered by the Institute of Scientific Information (ISI) and the patents registered in the US Patent Office (USPTO). In this way, I identified 750 journals and 84 US patent classes corresponding to the IT industry, 1779 journals and 7 patent classes corresponding to the BT industry and 483 journals and 16 patent classes corresponding to the NT industry. This research is meaningful in that it emphasized the importance and convenience of scientific articles and patents in formulating today’s industrial policies and showed how to link science and technology with industry, by using the subject categories of the ISI and the patent classes of the USPTO.En años recientes, como el desarrollo científico y tecnológico ha sido rápidamente acelerado, han emergido industrias basadas en ciencia y tecnología. Ejemplos representativos son la de la Información y Telecomunicación (IT) industria del final del siglo XX y más recientemente las industrias de Biotecnología (BT) y Nanotecnología (NT). Sin embargo, en desmedro de la emergencia de las industrias basadas en ciencia y tecnología, los encargados de hacer políticas industriales han sufrido dificultades en llegar a tiempo con que tipo de ciencia y tecnología deben gestionar. De ésta manera, en ésta investigación, se propone un método de vinculación de ciencia-tecnología con la industria, por la adopción de un medio común. Como medio de convección de ciencia y tecnología, se realizó un estudio de artículos científicos administrados por el Instituto de Información Científica (ISI) y patentes registradas en la Oficina de Patentes de Estados Unidos (USPTO). De ésta manera se identificaron 750 revistas y 84 clases de patentes correspondientes a la industria IT, 1779 revistas y 7 tipos de patentes correspondientes a BT y 483 revistas y 16 clases de patentes de NT. Esta investigación es significativa en el sentido del énfasis de la importancia y la política de conveniencia con respecto a los artículos científicos y las patentes formuladas hoy en día formuladas, y muestra como es el vínculo ciencia-tecnología con la industria, mediante el empleo de categorías de temas ISI y clases de patentes de USPTOIn recent years, as the development of science and technology rapidly accelerated, science- and technology-based industries have emerged. Representative examples are the Information and Telecommunications (IT) industry in the late 20th century and more recently the BioTechnology (BT) and NanoTechnology (NT) industries. However, despite the emergence of science- and technology- based industries, industrial policy-makers have suffered difficulties in grasping exactly what kinds of science and technology they should manage. Therefore, in this research, I propose a method of linking science and technology with industry, by adopting the media wherethrough they are delivered. As the media for conveying science and technology, I make use of the scientific articles administered by the Institute of Scientific Information (ISI) and the patents registered in the US Patent Office (USPTO). In this way, I identified 750 journals and 84 US patent classes corresponding to the IT industry, 1779 journals and 7 patent classes corresponding to the BT industry and 483 journals and 16 patent classes corresponding to the NT industry. This research is meaningful in that it emphasized the importance and convenience of scientific articles and patents in formulating today’s industrial policies and showed how to link science and technology with industry, by using the subject categories of the ISI and the patent classes of the USPTO

Comparison Of Interpolation Technique For Rain Gauge Data Through The Distributed Rainfall-Runoff Model

Precipitation estimated from different measuring techniques such as rain gauge, radar and satellite have some similarities, but there are also differences among them. For example, techniques based on radar and satellite data underestimate rainfall than those using rain gauge data. In addition, many different interpolation techniques have been used to measure spatial pattern of precipitation but it is still difficult to have an accurate pattern by any one of them. The differences between the rainfall estimates from different techniques vary seasonally as well as regionally so that the radar or satellites are not directly applied into hydrologic analysis. In this regard, a main objective of this study is to develop a systematic way to interpolate ground rain gauge using discharge data from distributed rainfall-runoff model The spatial rainfall patterns estimated from the interpolation methods will be evaluated with the object function to minimize the difference between observed and estimated discharge. In other words, this study seeks to identify the optimal spatial pattern in rain field that can generate a similar pattern of observed discharge through the distributed rainfall-runoff model. This study will compare the spatial pattern from different types of climate systems and different seasons derived from different interpolation methods may help to validate the proposed algorithms

Management issues of congenital adrenal hyperplasia during the transition from pediatric to adult care

Steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency is the most prevalent form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), accounting for approximately 95% of cases. With the advent of newborn screening and hormone replacement therapy, most children with CAH survive into adulthood. Adolescents and adults with CAH experience a number of complications, including short stature, obesity, infertility, tumor, osteoporosis, and reduced quality of life. Transition from pediatric to adult care and management of long-term complications are challenging for both patients and health-care providers. Psychosocial issues frequently affect adherence to glucocorticoid treatment. Therefore, the safe transition of adolescents to adult care requires regular follow-up of patients by a multidisciplinary team including pediatric and adult endocrinologists. The major goals for management of adults with 21-hydroxylase deficiency are to minimize the long-term complications of glucocorticoid therapy, reduce hyperandrogenism, prevent adrenal or testicular adrenal rest tumors, maintain fertility, and improve quality of life. Optimized medical or surgical treatment strategies should be developed through coordinated care, both during transition periods and throughout patients' lifetimes. This review will summarize current knowledge on the management of adults with CAH, and suggested appropriate approaches to the transition from pediatric to adult care

Kaempferol inhibits IL‑1β‑induced proliferation of rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts and the production of COX‑2, PGE2 and MMPs

Inflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cyclooxygenase (COX)‑2 released from rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts (RASFs) are involved in the destruction of both articular bone and cartilage. Kaempferol has been reported to act as an antioxidant and anti‑inflammatory agent by inhibiting nitric oxide synthase and COX enzymes. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of kaempferol on the interleukin‑1β (IL‑1β)‑induced proliferation of RASFs and the production of MMPs, COX and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by RASFs. The proliferation of the RASFs stimulated with IL‑1β and treated with/without kaempferol was evaluated by CCK‑8 assay. The expression of MMPs, TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor‑1 (TIMP‑1), COXs, PGE2 and that of intracellular MAPK signaling molecules, including p‑ERK, p‑p38, p‑JNK and nuclear factor‑κB (NF‑κB) was examined by immunoblotting or semi‑quantitative reverse transcription‑polymerase chain reaction (RT‑PCR) and ELISA under the conditions described above. Kaempferol inhibited the proliferation of both unstimulated and IL‑1β‑stimulated RASFs, as well as the mRNA and protein expression of MMP‑1, MMP-3, COX‑2 and PGE2 induced by IL‑1β. Kaempferol also inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK‑1/2, p38 and JNK, as well as the activation of NF‑κB induced by IL‑1β. These results indicate that kaempferol inhibits synovial fibroblast proliferation, as well as the production of and MMPs, COX‑2 and PGE2, which is involved in articular inflammation and destruction in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Our data suggest that kaempferol may be a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of RA

Chronic intermittent form of isovaleric aciduria in a 2-year-old boy

Isovaleric aciduria (IVA) is caused by an autosomal recessive deficiency of isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase (IVD). IVA presents either in the neonatal period as an acute episode of fulminant metabolic acidosis, which may lead to coma or death, or later as a "chronic intermittent form" that is associated with developmental delays, with or without recurrent acidotic episodes during periods of stress, such as infections. Here, we report the case of a 2-year old boy with IVA who presented with the chronic intermittent form. He was admitted to Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital with recurrent vomiting. Metabolic acidosis, hyperammonemia, elevated serum lactate and isovalerylcarnitine levels, and markedly increased urine isovalerylglycine concentration were noted. Sequence analysis of the IVD gene in the patient revealed the novel compound mutations-a missense mutation, c.986T>C (p.Met329Thr) and a frameshift mutation, c.1083del (p.Ile361fs*11). Following stabilization during the acute phase, the patient has remained in a stable condition on a low-leucine diet

Orientation-dependent x-ray absorption fine structure of ZnO nanorods

The local structure of two samples of vertically well-aligned ZnO nanorods with average diameters of 13 and 37 nm were studied using orientation-dependent x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) at the Zn K edge. The aligned ZnO nanorod samples were fabricated on sapphire (0001) substrates with a catalyst-free metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy method. The XAFS measurements showed that both nanorod samples have a well-ordered wurtzite structure and that no vacancy was observed at either site of zinc or oxygen atoms. However, we found that in both samples the lattice constants of a and b were shrunken by similar to0.04 Angstrom while c was elongated by similar to0.1 Angstrom, compared with those of their bulk counterparts. Furthermore, there was a substantial amount of disorder in the bond length of the only Zn-O pairs located near the ab plane. This may suggest that the terminating atoms at the boundaries of the nanorods are oxygen atoms. (C) 2005 American Institute of Physics