Endometrial receptivity and implantation require uterine BMP signaling through an ACVR2A-SMAD1/SMAD5 axis.

During early pregnancy in the mouse, nidatory estrogen (E2) stimulates endometrial receptivity by activating a network of signaling pathways that is not yet fully characterized. Here, we report that bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) control endometrial receptivity via a conserved activin receptor type 2 A (ACVR2A) and SMAD1/5 signaling pathway. Mice were generated to contain single or double conditional deletion of SMAD1/5 and ACVR2A/ACVR2B receptors using progesterone receptor (PR)-cre. Female mice with SMAD1/5 deletion display endometrial defects that result in the development of cystic endometrial glands, a hyperproliferative endometrial epithelium during the window of implantation, and impaired apicobasal transformation that prevents embryo implantation and leads to infertility. Analysis of Acvr2a-PRcre and Acvr2b-PRcre pregnant mice determined that BMP signaling occurs via ACVR2A and that ACVR2B is dispensable during embryo implantation. Therefore, BMPs signal through a conserved endometrial ACVR2A/SMAD1/5 pathway that promotes endometrial receptivity during embryo implantation

Critical raw materials and the circular economy

This report is a background document used by several European Commission services to prepare the EC report on critical raw materials and the circular economy, a commitment of the European Commission made in its Communication ‘EU action plan for the Circular Economy’. It represents a JRC contribution to the Raw Material Initiative and to the EU Circular Economy Action Plan. It combines the results of several research programmes and activities of the JRC on critical raw materials in a context of circular economy, for which a large team has contributed in terms of data and knowledge developments. Circular use of critical raw materials in the EU is analysed, also taking a sectorial perspective. The following sectors are analysed in more detail: extractive waste, landfills, electric and electronic equipment, batteries, automotive, renewable energy, defence and chemicals and fertilisers. Conclusions and opportunities for further work are also presented

Electronic cigarettes: A position statement from the Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand*

The TSANZ develops position statements where insufficient data exist to write formal clinical guidelines. In 2018, the TSANZ addressed the question of potential benefits and health impacts of electronic cigarettes (EC). The working party included groups focused on health impacts, smoking cessation, youth issues and priority populations. The 2018 report on the Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes from the United States NASEM was accepted as reflective of evidence to mid-2017. A search for papers subsequently published in peer-reviewed journals was conducted in August 2018. A small number of robust and important papers published until March 2019 were also identified and included. Groups identified studies that extended, modified or contradicted the NASEM report. A total of 3793 papers were identified and reviewed, with summaries and draft position statements developed and presented to TSANZ membership in April 2019. After feedback from members and external reviewers, a collection of position statements was finalized in December 2019. EC have adverse lung effects and harmful effects of long-term use are unknown. EC are unsuitable consumer products for recreational use, part-substitution for smoking or long-term exclusive use by former smokers. Smokers who require support to quit smoking should be directed towards approved medication in conjunction with behavioural support as having the strongest evidence for efficacy and safety. No specific EC product can be recommended as effective and safe for smoking cessation. Smoking cessation claims in relation to EC should be assessed by established regulators

THE CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE OF 1,1'-(1,4,10,13-TETRAOXA-7,16-DIAZACYCLO-OCTADECANE-7,16-DIYLDICARBONYL)FERROCENE DIHYDRATE

The crystal and molecular structure of 1,1′-(1,4,10,13-tetraoxa-7,16-diazacyclo-octadecane-7,16-diyldicarbonyl)ferrocene have been determined. The crystal system is monoclinic, a 8.761(17), b 21.326(18), c 13.250(8) Å, β 95.56(10)° and space group P21/n. There are two molecules of water for each molecule of the title compound situated outside the cryptand ring system. © 1988

THE SYNTHESIS, ELECTROCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR-STRUCTURE OF [FE(ETA-5-C5H4S)2MO(NO)(HB(3,5-ME2C3N2H)3)]

The new bimetallic complex [Fe(η5-C5H4S)2Mo(NO){HB(3,5-Me2C3N2H)3)}] has been obtained from the reaction between [Fe(η5-C5H4SH)2] and [Mo(NO){HB(3,5-Me2C3N2H)3}I2]. Electrochemical studies reveal an anomalously cathodic oxidation potential for the metallocene redox centre. An X-ray diffraction study has revealed an FMo distance of 4.147(2) Å, with the ferrocenyl moiety oriented towards the nitrosyl ligand on the molybdenum atoms (Fe---O 3.976(6) Å), but provides no evidence for an interaction between the iron atom and the molybdenum-bound nitrosyl which might account for the electrochemical findings. © 1989

SOME SUBSTITUTION-REACTIONS OF LIGANDS COORDINATED TO THE BIS(CYCLOPENTADIENYL)TITANIUM MOIETY, THE X-RAY CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE OF TI(ETA-5-C5H5)2(OPH)2 AND AN ASSESSMENT OF THE ANTITUMOR-ACTIVITY OF SOME CYCLOPENTADIENYL TITANIUM COMPOUNDS

The new complexes Ti(η5-C5H5)Cl(OC6H4NH2-3)2, Ti(η5-C5H5)Cl(O2CPh)2, Ti(η5-C5H5)2(O2C(S)C6H4-1,2), Ti(η5-C5H5)2Cl(SC6H4OH-4), Ti(η5-C5H5)2(OC6H4NH2-3)2 and Ti(η5-C5H5)2Cl(OC6H4Z) (Z = NO2-2, NO2-3, NO2-4, NH2-3) have been synthesized. The free amine group in Ti(η5-C5H5)2Cl(OC6H4NH2-3) reacts with RCl [R = MeCO, PhCO, (OCCO)1/2, Br(CH2)3CO] in the presence of base to give Ti(η5-C5H5)2Cl(R) but, in the absence of base, PhCOCl reacts to give PhCONHC6H4OH-3 and Ti(η5-C5H5)2Cl2. The X-ray crystal structure of Ti(η5-C5H5)2(OPh)2 has been determined and reveals a pseudo-tetrahedral arrangement of the two η5-cyclopentadienyl and two phenoxide ligands around titanium. The Ti-O(Ph) distances are 1.907(3) Å and O-Ti-O is 98.1(2)°. The anti-tumour activities of Ti(η5-C5H5)Cl(OC6H4NH2-3)2, Ti(η5-C5H5)Cl(O2CPh)2 and Ti(η5-C5H5)2(O2C(S)C6H4-1,2) have been assessed in vitro using a panel of seven human tumour cell lines. © 1991

Layered ternary transition metal nitrides; synthesis, structure and physical properties

Two-dimensional structures are an emerging class of materials within nitride chemistry. We report here our systematic studies of two groups of these layered compounds: 1 Lithium transition metal compounds, Li3-x-y□yMxN (M = Co, Ni, Cu, □ = Li vacancy) and 2 ternary transition metal nitrides of general formulation AMN2 (A = alkaline earth metal, M = Ti, Zr, Hf). Compounds in class 1 are based on the hexagonal Li3N structure, unique to nitrides. Compounds in group 2, by contrast, crystallise with oxide structures (α-NaFeO2 or KCoO2). Specific and unusual synthetic methods have been developed to reproducibly prepare these compounds. Compounds in series 1 contain ordered or disordered Li vacancies at increased levels relative to the parent Li3N, itself a Li+ fast ion conductor. Nitrides in series 2 should be nominally diamagnetic (S = 0), yet magnetic measurements reveal behaviour seemingly inconsistent with this assumption. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V

REDOX-RESPONSIVE MOLYBDENUM MONONITROSYL COMPLEXES INCORPORATING CYCLIC POLYETHER CATION BINDING-SITES AND X-RAY CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE OF [MO(NO)(HB(3,5-ME2C3N2H)3)(OCH2(CH2OCH2)3CH2O)]

The complexes [Mo(NO){HB(Me2pz)3}{OCH2(CH2OCH 2)nCH2O}] (n = 2-5; HB(Me2pz)3- = hydrotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borate) have been synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic methods. All contain the redox-active {Mo(NO)}3+ moiety incorporated in an unusually large chelate ring which forms a cyclic polyether structure. Cyclic voltammetric studies of these compounds reveal a reduction process at ca. -1.3 V (SCE) which is shifted to more anodic potentials in the presence of an equimolar concentration of sodium ions. At higher concentrations, decomposition is associated with the reduction process. In the case where n = 3, 1:1 complexes with Li+, Na+, and K+ have been isolated. The molecular structure of [Mo(NO){HB-(Me2pz)3}{OCH2(CH 2OCH2)3CH2O}] has been determined by X-ray diffraction methods. The compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbca (No. 61) with eight molecules in a cell of dimensions a = 16.937 (3), b = 15.143 (4), and c = 22.034 (8) Å. Full-matrix least-squares refinement gives final R, Rw on F of 0.051, 0.079 for 3063 observed [F > 5σ(F)] data. This structure confirms the presence of a 14-membered chelate ring (Mo-O = 1.903 (4) and 1.910 (4) Å; O-Mo-O = 101.0 (2)°) and a linear nitric oxide ligand (Mo-N-O = 177.9 (5)°; N-O = 1.190 (6) Å). The cyclic polyether ring is extended away from the bulky HB(Me2pz)3 ligand. © 1992 American Chemical Society

REDOX-RESPONSIVE MOLYBDENUM MONONITROSYL COMPLEXES INCORPORATING CYCLIC POLYETHER CATION BINDING-SITES AND X-RAY CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE OF [MO(NO)(HB(3,5-ME2C3N2H)3)(OCH2(CH2OCH2)3CH2O)]

The complexes [Mo(NO){HB(Me2pz)3}{OCH2(CH2OCH 2)nCH2O}] (n = 2-5; HB(Me2pz)3- = hydrotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borate) have been synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic methods. All contain the redox-active {Mo(NO)}3+ moiety incorporated in an unusually large chelate ring which forms a cyclic polyether structure. Cyclic voltammetric studies of these compounds reveal a reduction process at ca. -1.3 V (SCE) which is shifted to more anodic potentials in the presence of an equimolar concentration of sodium ions. At higher concentrations, decomposition is associated with the reduction process. In the case where n = 3, 1:1 complexes with Li+, Na+, and K+ have been isolated. The molecular structure of [Mo(NO){HB-(Me2pz)3}{OCH2(CH 2OCH2)3CH2O}] has been determined by X-ray diffraction methods. The compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbca (No. 61) with eight molecules in a cell of dimensions a = 16.937 (3), b = 15.143 (4), and c = 22.034 (8) Å. Full-matrix least-squares refinement gives final R, Rw on F of 0.051, 0.079 for 3063 observed [F > 5σ(F)] data. This structure confirms the presence of a 14-membered chelate ring (Mo-O = 1.903 (4) and 1.910 (4) Å; O-Mo-O = 101.0 (2)°) and a linear nitric oxide ligand (Mo-N-O = 177.9 (5)°; N-O = 1.190 (6) Å). The cyclic polyether ring is extended away from the bulky HB(Me2pz)3 ligand. © 1992 American Chemical Society