Contracts

Covers cases on mutual assent—formation of construction subcontracts—use of subcontractor\u27s bid as acceptance

Trusts

Covers cases on testamentary trusts—violations of the rule against perpetuitities—effect of saving clause (Hamill) and on bank deposits as tentative or Totten trusts (Fraser)

Characterization of the Sea Urchin Major Vault Protein: A Possible Role for Vault Ribonucleoprotein Particles in Nucleocytoplasmic Transport

AbstractVaults are large ribonucleoprotein particles that have been identified in a wide range of eukaryotic organisms. Although present in thousands of copies per cell, their function remains unknown. In this report, we identify the major vault protein in sea urchins as a 107-kDa polypeptide that copurifies with microtubules and ribosomes. Although initially identified in microtubule preparations, the sea urchin major vault protein is not predominantly microtubule-associatedin vivo.Rather, the sea urchin major vault protein is present throughout the cytoplasm in eggs and embryos and in the nucleus in adult somatic cells. Within the nucleus, the sea urchin major vault protein is concentrated in the region of the nucleolus and to punctate regions of the nuclear envelope. In addition, the vault protein localizes to short linear strings juxtaposed to the exterior of the nucleus and extending outward into the cytoplasm. Based on their copurification and intracellular distribution, vaults may be involved in the nucleocytoplasmic transport of ribosomes and/or mRNA

Research Notes : Increasing phytophthora-rot severity in field screening

Walters and Caviness (1968) reported that phytophthora-susceptible varieties in Arkansas were more prone to the disease than resistant varieties if sprayed with 2,4-DB at flowering time. This increase in disease severity suggests that 2,4-D8 could be used to increase the effectiveness of natural and mass selection (cf. Buzzell and Haas, 1972) for disease resistance/tolerance to Phytophthora megaspenna var. sojae (Pms). A non-replicated observation test was established in a field known to be infested with Pms races 3, 7 and 9 (T. R. Anderson, unpublished results) at the Soils Substation, Woodslee, Ontario

The FACETS project: An experiment in Family and Community Education in Technology and Science

Children's attitudes are shaped by their experiences both in and out of school. The FACETS Project aims to use the expertise of a teacher-training institution to influence factors such as the attitudes of parents and family towards technology and science. A series of workshops, run by staff and students of the Centre for Technology in Education, has been offered to children aged 5 to 13 and their parents. These provide a variety of structured design technology, information technology and science related activities, designed and led by students undergoing initial teacher-training in primary education. The project uses links with business and industry to support its work. This paper details the philosophy and organisation behind the project, and evaluates the impact of the project, at the end of its first year, on the attitudes of parents, children and student-teachers towards technology and science

A paradigm shift is necessary to relate running injury risk and footwear design – comment on Nigg et al.

In this commentary, we respond to suggestions that new paradigms are needed to relate running-related injury risk and footwear design. We concur with the authors of this paper that the previous paradigms on which footwear were designed are faulty. We also concur with the authors that new paradigms are indeed needed and that research must take into consideration more epidemiological studies and more prospective biomechanical studies. The authors suggest new paradigms including muscle tuning, the preferred movement path and functional groups. However, we do raise questions about each of these suggestions regarding how these paradigms can be developed in future research designs

A Comparison Of Five Mechanical Work Algorithms For Different Footstrike Patterns And Speeds During Distance Running

The mechanical work done by a runner during an average stride cyde has been calculated with a variety of algorithms that generate values that may vary by an order of magnitude. The application of different algorithms to the same data set is uncommon, and does not seem to have been used at all to compare different foot strike patterns (FSP) during distance running. Average stride cycle values from five work algorithms for forefoot strike (ffs) and heel strike (hs) running at three different running speeds are presented. In general order from most to least restrictive: Wn allows no transfer between segments; Ww, within-segment transfer only; WwbAS, transfer within and between adjacent segments only; WwbLT, within and between segments of the same limb and the trunk; and, Wwb, within- and between-segment transfer with no restrictions. The primary difference in these algorithms is the amount of energy transfer they permit between and among body segments. Twelve highly skilled, male distance runners each ran with both FSP at three speeds ranging from 3.58 to 4.58 m-s-l. High-speed video (200 Hz) was used to track eight segment endpoint markers in the left sagittal plane. An ll-segment model was used with symmetry assumed to generate right side values. Among the algorithms, the no-transfer method (Wn) produced the highest work estimates. An absolute difference of -300 joules-stride-1 (-15-20%) existed across speeds between the no-transfer and within-transfer algorithms. There was then a relatively large decrease to the span of values generated from the other three algorithms. WwbAS was slightly higher than the remaining two algorithms, moreso in relative terms as speed increased. WwbLT increased slightly over speed (-40% slow->fast), while Wwb, the least restrictive, demonstrated almost no change across speeds (-1 % slow->fast). On average, these differences converged absolutely (75->20 joules-stride-1) and relatively (9.8%->2.5%) with increased speed; i.e., differences between the two .FSP decreased as speed increased. At all speeds for each algorithm, hs was lower than ffs. Collapsed across speeds, hs as percentage of ffs was 96.7 (Wn), 96.5 (ww)- 96.7 (WwbAS), 95.8 (WwbLT) and 89.4% (Wwb). Wwb across speeds consistently showed the largest relative differences between FSP, due perhaps in part to low absolute values. However, FSP differences still decreased with increased speed. This algorithm, therefore, appears to preserve the ordinal relationship and the trend in relative change between FSP across speeds reflected in the other four algorithms. Overall, the consistency across all algorithms of absolute and relative decrease between FSP with increased speed suggests variations in actual kinematics, not algorithms, are responsible for observed differences

'I Sat Filling in This Form While Smoking and It Was Divine'. An Analysis of Free-Text Comments from Smokers Who Report They Have No Intention of Quitting in the Next Six Months

INTRODUCTION: Smokers unmotivated to quit are neglected by smoking cessation research. Free-text comment analysis is a potentially useful way to gain insight into this group's beliefs. AIMS: To analyse the free-text comments provided by smokers unmotivated to quit as part of a randomized controlled trial of computer-tailored feedback for smoking cessation. METHOD: A random sample of 58,660 smokers were sent a smoking behaviour questionnaire (SBQ). The responses and follow-up outcomes of those providing free-text comments were compared to those who did not to assess the representativeness of the former group of smokers. The comments of participants unmotivated to quit (631) were thematically analysed. RESULTS: Those who provided a comment differed from those who did not on variables including education level and quit attempts at six-month follow-up. Emergent themes included; justification of smoking and restricting smoking instead of quitting. CONCLUSIONS: The findings illustrate the value of free-text comments in identifying issues important to respondents. The identified themes highlight areas for future research in smokers unmotivated to quit including cutting down as a path to quitting and explicit messages regarding the inability of positive health behaviours to balance out the negative impact of smoking on health. Trial registration: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN05385712