Monitoring morphology and properties of hybrid organic-inorganic materials from in situ polymerization of tetraethoxysilane in polyimide polymer : 1. effect of the coupling agent on the microstructure and interfacial interaction

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), small angle X-ray (SAXS) and dynamical mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) were used to characterize the morphology and thermo-mechanical properties of hybrid organic inorganic materials. These materials were based on polyimide (PI) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS). Polyimide polymer is prepared from 4,4'-oxydianiline (ODA) 2,2-Bis( 3-amino- 4-hydroxyphenyl) hexafluoro-propane (6F-OHDA) pyromellitic dianhydride ( PMDA) polyamic polymer. In one family of hybrid materials 3-isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane (ICTS) is used as coupling agent in order to enhance the interfacial interaction between polyimide and silica. It was possible to modulate the morphology as well as the optical and thermo-mechanical properties of these hybrid materials depending on the formulation used. TEM and SAXS analysis indicated that silica domains on the nanoscale level are obtained when coupling agent is used in the formulation. Additionally the TEM and SAXS analysis indicated that miscibility of the organic and the inorganic phases on the molecular scale is obtained in the hybrid films when ICTS as coupling agent is added to the polyamic acid. These techniques show a fractal structure of the hybrid materials with coupling agent. This was confirmed with DMTA analysis which shows very high temperature relaxation ( more than 450 degrees C). From this result it could be derived that the addition of ICTS causes a morphological transformation from discrete particulate microstructure to fine interpenetrated or co-continuous phases. The intimate miscibility of the phases is accompanied at the same time by the amelioration of thermo-mechanical properties of the hybrid films

Environmentally friendlier method to deposit cellulose nanocrystals on regenerated cellulose filaments and effect of the treatment on mechanical properties of fibers

This paper presents environmentally friendlier technique for deposition of cellulose nano-whiskers onto the surface of regenerated cellulose fibres using γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane as coupling agent. The result of this treatment is hierarchical reinforcement consisting of micro-scale fibres and nano-scale cellulose crystal network. In order to evaluate influence of treatment on fibre performance, tensile tests of fibre bundles were carried out. The results show that there is significant impact on stiffness of fibres only by first modification by silane, whereas grafting of cellulose nanowhiskers onto the surface of the fibre allowed recovery of initial properties. It is assumed that thetreatment may have induced the misalignment of macromolecular chains and crystalline cellulose phase with respect to the fibre axis

Physico-chemical characterization of palm from Phoenix Dactylefera-L, preparation of cellulose whiskers and natural rubber-based nanocomposites

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