BOD:COD Ratio as an Indicator for Pollutants Leaching from Landfill

The relationship of BOD to COD of leachate from a mature landfill site are investigated over a period of six years to determine the indicator to be used for prediction of leachate characteristic generating from landfill site. Results of the investigation reveal that BOD:COD ratio is a good indicator of degradation of organic matter in landfill. It can be used as an indicator for degradation of organic matter that differentiate the acetogenic phase from methanogenic phase in this landfill

Varian Dialek Melayu Tioman-Aur-Pemanggil: analisis linguistik bandingan

Kajian tanah air umat Melayu (bangsa Austranesia) tidak pernah berhenti dibincangkan baik oleh ilmuan dalam bidang kebudayaan mahu pun linguistik. Ada yang mengatakan bahawa umat Melayu ini berasal daripada China dan Taiwan, dan ada yang mengatakan mereka tidak berasal daripada mana-mana, dan wilayah Nusantara inilah merupakan tanah air mereka. Berlandaskan pernyataan di atas, maka pengkaji berpendapat bahawa masih ada jaringan dialek Melayu yang belum dikaji dengan tuntas. Oleh itu, kajian ini memfokuskan ke atas keberadaan dialek Melayu di wilayah Barat Daya Laut China Selatan, iaitu mencakupi Pulau Tioman-Aur-Pemanggil. Kajian ini adalah salah satu usaha untuk membincang status inovasi bersama yang wujud dalam ragam di Tioman-Aur-Pemanggil. Perbincangan berkaitan inovasi bersama dialek Pulau Tioman-Aur-Pemanggil ini menggunakan kaedah perbandingan kualitatif. Bagi memperoleh ciri inovasi bersama, perbandingan fonem vokal, diftong dan konsonan dilakukan antara bahasa Melayik Purba dengan dialek Pulau Tioman-Aur-Pemanggil. Hasil perbandingan memperlihatkan adanya ciri inovasi dan retensi yang diturunkan dalam dialek Pulau Tioman-Aur-Pemanggil dalam varian semasa iaitu Tekek, Juara dan Salang. Sehubungan itu, dengan adanya data linguistik ini, memperlihatkan bahawa, umat Melayu atau bangsa Austronesia sebenarnya telah lama menjadikan wilayah Nusantara ini sebagai wilayah hunian mereka. Justeru, tanggapan tokoh-tokoh linguistik Barat yang mengatakan bangsa ini produk dari utara (China dan Taiwan) sama sekali tidak benar

CITRONELLA AGROFORESTRY IN GAYO LUES REGENCY OF INDONESIA

An agroforestry practice system has been applied by Gayo Lues community in managing their agricultural land. The most dominant tree species treated by farmers among the citronella plants is pine. The population in this study was 2,403 farmers. From the total population, samples were taken by using Slovin formula so that the sample became 96 farmers. The agroforestry system in Gayo Lues Regency uses a blend of pine trees (woody plants) with citronella plants (non-woody plants). The optimal area of citronella agroforestry for farmers is 1.3 ha. They have fulfilled the needs of a decent living in this area

THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND ADAPTATION STRATEGY OF ARABICA COFFEE FARMERS IN CENTRAL ACEH REGENCY

The climate change and adaptation strategies for Arabica coffee farmers in Central Aceh Regency; the research that discuss the impact of climate change on Arabica coffee farming and how is the adaptation strategies of Arabica coffee farmers in Central Aceh Regency. The method used in sampling techniques is simple random sampling with 40 people were sampled. The analytical tool is a questionnaire given to arabica coffee farmers involved in coffee farming. From the results obtained, there are three categories of adaptation strategies undertaken by farmers in overcoming or mitigating the risk of impacts from climate change. These strategies include making rorak (dead-end trenches), planting shade plants and conducting water conservation. The study showed that the farmers was made the rorak manually by digging a 3 x 1 meter width and with 20-50 cm height, then the rorak excavation soil was used as a mound of soil that serves to hold water. The percentage of shade plant grown by coffee farmers in Central Aceh Regency are: lamtoro (65%), avocado (65%), kopyor orange (65%), jackfruit (47.5%), gayo tangerine (52.2%), banana (55%), durian (52.5%), mahogany (60%) and sengon (62.5%). Water conservation carried out by coffee farmers in Central Aceh Regency is by making infiltration wells that functioned as groundwater reserves in long droughts. As much as 66.5% of Coffee farmers in Aceh Tengah Regency experience the symptoms of climate change

CD19 Deficient B Cell Abnormality and Selective IgM Deficiency in a Malay Child. A Case Report.

Cases of CD 19 deficiency from South East Asia has rarely been reported. A, 1l yr Malay boy was referred with recurrent infections with 2 episodes of'chickenpox at age 2 years. He had repeated episodes of pneumoniae and bronchiectasis by age 6 years. Physical examination revealed gross clubbing with crepitations at both lung bases. IV lg administration was instituted with clinical improvementlaboratory data: Serum Ig (g/l )IgG 8.37[n 4.95- 16.56 ], IgA 0.92[n 0.30-2.35 7, lgM 0.21 [0.32-1.4}]Lymphocyte subset (age 1l) CD19 Q o , CD20 11.26% (12-22)CD3 83.64% (n 66-76) ,CD4 36.25 ( 33-41),CD8 41.55 (27- 35), CDl6+56 I1.6 %. (9-16),Specific antibody response to polysaccharide antigen was impaired ; whileNBT , lymphocyte proliferation to (PHA ) were normal, Btk protein 18% (control 87.8 %). Our finding conforms with a diagnosis of CD19 deficiency with selective IgM deficiency and partial defective Btk protein expression

Numerical Study for a Marine Current Turbine Blade Performance under Varying Angle of Attack

Energy generation from marine currents is a promising technology for sustainable development. The success of using marine current turbines to tap the ocean hydrodynamic energy depends on predicting the hydrodynamic characteristics and performance of such turbines. This paper presents an analysis of the two-dimensional flow using commercial CFD software over a marine current turbine blade. The 2D flow is simulated for HF-SX NACA foil modified from S1210 NACA foil at various angles of attack with Reynolds number of 19×104, which represents the marine current flow. The hydrofoil is designed with considerations for lift and drag coefficients. The flow is simulated by solving the steady-state Navier-Stokes equations coupled with the k-ω shear stress transport (SST) turbulence model. The aim of this work is to study the effect of the angle of attack on the lift and drag coefficients. The computational domain is composed of non-homogenous structured meshing, with sufficient refinement of the domain near the foil blade in order to capture the boundary layer effects. Hence, all calculations are done at constant flow velocity while varying the angle attack for every model tested. The results have shown that the drag and lift coefficient, Cd and Cl coefficient increases with increasing the value of the angle of attack, ratio Cl/Cd curve related on performance at the peak 7o angle of attack

Effective Dose and Adverse Effects of Maintenance Bacillus Calmette-Gue´Rin in Intermediate and High Risk Non-muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: a Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trial

Aim: to evaluate the effective dose and adverse effects of BCG doses. Methods: we searched published RCTs in Medline and Cochrane database before October 2013. Article using maintenance BCG after TUR in intermediate-high risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and followed for effectiveness, local and systemic side effect are included. Low risk patients, other dose and MIBC were excluded. Results: meta-analysis of 6 clinical trials involving 2719 intermediate-high risk NMIBC patients showed recurrence rate in full dose (81 mg), low dose (27 mg) and very low dose (13.5 mg) were 33.3%, 34.7% and 30%, respectively. Meta-analysis of 2175 patients, 81 mg BCG was found to be superior to 27 mg in reducing tumour recurrences (RR 0.86; 95% CI 0.77-0.96, I2 = 0% and p=0.008). Meta-analysis of 544 patients, the effectiveness reducing tumour recurrences in 27 mg BCG was found to be superior to 13,5 BCG (RR 0.66; 95% CI 0.49-0.89, I2 = 8.8% and p=0.006). Systemic side effects were happened in 25%, 28.5%, and 15.5% in the doses 81.27 and 13.5 mg BCG, respectively. Low dose was superior to full dose in affecting systemic side effect (p=0,000) but no difference in affecting local side effect (p=0.137) in the meta-analysis of 1816 patients in 2 clinical trials. Conclusion: full dose BCG had superior outcome to reduce recurrences compared to low dose and very low dose. There were no significant differences between each dose in local side effect. However full dose regimen has higher systemic side effect compared to low and very low dose. Key words: Bacillus Calmette-Gue´Rin, dose and adverse effect, non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC)

EVALUATION OF SOME MALE TYPES AS POLLINATORS FOR BARHI DATE PALM cv. GROWN IN EGYPT

Four different date palm male types were chosen to evaluate which male could be recommended to use as a pollinator for Barhi date palm cv. grown in Egypt. Three male types namely Ghanamy, Fard and Boyr were grown in the Fruit Trees Experimental Station at Dibba, Fojaira, UAE, and the fourth male was an individual Sewy satellite seedling grown in Egypt. Number of spathe/palm; spathe weight, length, & width ; pollen grains weight / spathe ; average of strand length as well as pollen grains germination % were determined for each male date palm tree from each male type . Moreover, pollen grains from each male type were used as a pollinator to evaluate their effect on fruit set and fruit quality of Barhi date palm cv. This study was carried out during both 2004&2005 seasons. Data showed that both Ghanamy and Fard male type were superior in their morphological characters as compared with Boyr or Sewy satellite seedling male type. Boyr male type showed the lowest values of morphological characters. On the other hand, there were no great differences in pollen grains germination percentage. Moreover, the results clearly indicated that Ghanamy pollen recorded the highest significant fruit set percentage and bunch weight (Kg) in both seasons of study. While, Fard pollen produced the highest fruit weight (g), length, diameter, flesh weight& thickness and flesh %. Boyr and Sewy pollen showed the highest ratio of fruit length / diameter in both seasons. Data also revealed that dates that were picked from bunches pollinated with Fard pollen had the highest total soluble salts (T.S.S) value and the lowest tannins content

Step and Step-Nc as a Tool for Big Data in Cloud Manufacturing

The terms big data, cloud manufacturing, predictive and additive manufacturing, and Internet of Things (IoT) are being most commonly used in the manufacturing industry nowadays. These terms are related to the fourth industrial revolution that emphasizes automation and data exchange between manufacturing tools/elements. Communication occurs between machines, products and even technicians or operators through various technologies while creating records of each interaction resulting in rapid growth of amount of data to be stored. Data acquisition is not a major issue since a structure or framework can properly connect these data in improving manufacturing efficiency. However, lack of effort in collecting and storing manufacturing data in the whole product life cycle process has made integration to be almost difficult to achieve. In this study, the adoption of STEP-NC method/technique was demonstrated in suiting the current explosion of big data in the industrial and manufacturing sector. The proposed methodology was developed through a study of an entity file structure and hierarchical concept in STEP and STEP-NC in gathering manufacturing data in a unified database. The challenge would be in making sense of the data, revealing the patterns in it and using them for operational improvements. The outcome of this study will be useful to support strategic decision making in product manufacturing