Impact of Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) on Pakistan (The Case of KSE 100 Index)

In this paper the estimated return on stock model i.e. Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) is employed in order to get information whether it better estimates the return on stock in Pakistani capital market. For this purpose time series monthly data from secondary sources for a period of 2003 to 2007 has been taken.  CAPM were tested for the five sizes and book to market portfolios from Karachi Stock Exchange. Pakistan T-bill rate is taken as risk free rate. However basic problem with (CAPM) was predictive power and Robustness of results. For this purpose capital asset pricing model was applied. Dependent variable portfolio represented by . The excessive return shows the return above that of the risk free rate  that is required by the investor for taking additional risk. While independent variables were market risk premium. Research Findings show that CAPM better estimates the return in Pakistani capital market. In case of CAPM, it was able to show the existence of risk premium as the only factor affecting the stock return. Key Words: CAPM, Market portfolio, KSE, Risk Premiumii

Selection and Characterization of a Lysine Yielding Mutant of Corynebacterium glutamicum - a Soil Isolate from Pakistan

L-lysine is the second limiting amino acid for poultry and supplemented in broiler feed for optimal performance. Lysine can be produced by inducing mutation in glutamate producing bacteria. The study was conducted to enhance lysine production from a local strain of Corynebacterium glutamicum. The bacterium was mutated by exposure to UV. Mutants resistant to s-2-aminoethyle L-cystein (AEC) and showing auxotrophy for L-homoserine were screened for lysine production qualitatively and quantitatively. A mutant showing highest production of lysine (8.2 mg/mL) was selected for optimization of physical and nutritional parameters for maximum production of lysine in shake flask. An initial pH 7.6, 30˚C temperature, 300 rpm and 60 h incubation time were the optimized values of physical requirements. Cane molasses and corn starch hydrolysate were required at 15% (w/v) in the fermentation media which provided around 9% total sugars to produce maximum lysine (17 to 18 mg/mL). When amonium sulphate was used at 3.5% (w/v) level in molasses or corn starch hydrolysate based fermentation media, production of lysine slightly increased above 18 mg/mL. It is concluded that industrial by products like cane molasses, corn steep liquor, and corn starch hydrolysate can be used as carbon and organic nitrogen sources in fermentation medium for scale up process of lysine production and this lysine enriched broth may be used in broiler feed later. However, more potent lysine producing mutant and additional in vivo trials would be required to commercialize this product

Frequency of Hydrocephalus in Pediatric Tuberculus Meningitis Patients

Objective: Objectivity of study is to determine the frequency of hydrophalus in pediatric tuberculus meningitis patients. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study was done in pediatrics department Lady Reading Hospital Peshawer from 1st January 2013 to 31st June 2015 with 2½ years duration. All patients of tuberculus meningitis who survived with both gender and age ranging from 1 to 10 years were included. Pediatric patients admitted with other diseases, age greater than 10 years and those who expired due to tuberculus meningitis were excluded. Patient’s demographic features, vaccination status, clinical features of tuberculus meningitis and Frequency of hydrocephalus post meningitis were doccumented according to the proforma. Follow up duration was 6 months, SPSS version 189 used for data analysis, Results represented in the form of tables. Results: 38 patients fulfilled inclusion criteria. Females 22 (57.90%) were common than males 16 (42.10%). Patients age was in the range of 1 to 10 years with the mean age 5 years ± 5 SD. Fever 35 (92.10%), headache 37 (97.36%), vomiting 31 (81.57%) and failure to thrive 32 (84.21%) were dominant in clinical presentation. 29 (76.31%) patients vaccination status was satisfied. 14 (36.84%) patients developed hydrocephalus in 6 months follow-up. Conclusion: Hydrophalus is common in post tuberculus meningitic patients. It mostly affect non vaccinated patients

A study protocol for an mHealth, multi-centre randomized control trial to promote use of postpartum contraception amongst rural women in Punjab, Pakistan

Background: Provision of family planning services during the immediate post-partum phase is considered effective and cost-efficient for promoting healthy timing and spacing of pregnancies. This research aims to test the effectiveness of mobile phone-based interventions in promoting use of postpartum contraception. Moreover, it will also test the non-inferiority of text and voice messages compared to interactive phone-based counselling.Methods: A three-arm, 10-month, multicentre, randomized controlled trial will be conducted at 15 social franchise (SF) health facilities in Punjab province of Pakistan. Pregnant women aged 15-44 years who are in their first or second trimester and have a mobile phone for their own use will be eligible to participate in this study. The participants will be randomly allocated to one of three study arms: a) voice and text messages; b) interactive telephone-based counselling; or c) control arm (no additional phone-based support). The intervention counselling module will be developed based on the Integrated Behaviour Model which was recently adapted, and tested for the family planning context in Pakistan. It will broadly cover birth-preparedness, importance of birth spacing, and postnatal care. The phone-based intervention aims to improve women\u27s ability to use contraception by providing them with information about a range of methods, access to family planning methods through outlets such as Suraj SF providers, connecting them with MSS field health educators to help them reach the centres, motivation by re-enforcing the benefits of contraceptive use on women\u27s quality of life, and dispelling myths and misconceptions about modern contraceptive methods. Risk differences will be used as the measure of effect of the intervention on the outcomes.Discussion: The study findings will highlight effectiveness of mobile phone in raising awareness of maternal health and contraception, which in turn, is expected to be translated into increased proportion of: at least four antenatal visits, skilled birth or institutional delivery, postpartum contraceptive use, postnatal check-up, child immunization, and breastfeeding. Moreover, if the text and voice messages approach is proven to be non-inferior to interactive calls, it will provide evidence to making promotion of healthcare less resource intensive, and thereby contribute in improving the efficiency of the healthcare system.Trial registration: This trial was prospectively registered with the Clinical Trials registry ( NCT03612518 ) on August 2nd, 2018

4-n-Butyl-3-(3-methyl­phen­yl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5(4H)-one

In the mol­ecule of the title compound, C13H17N3O, the two rings make a dihedral angle of 56.63 (13)°. Mol­ecules are linked by strong N—H⋯O inter­molecular hydrogen bonds into chains running along the c axis

The Nexus between Inflation and Inflation Uncertainty of four South Asian Economies

This study data have been taken from World Bank side during the time span from 1989 to 2016. This study explores the relationship between inflation and inflation uncertainty in Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh. The EGARCH model is used to check the inflation uncertainty among four countries. The asymmetric behavior of inflation uncertainty has also been found by this method. The granger causality test is used to check the direction between inflation and inflation uncertainty. The result of this study showed that there were positive shocks among all the developing countries such as Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh. The results of Granger Causality test showed that bi-directional causality exists between inflation and inflation uncertainty in south Asian economies

MVD as the First Line Therapy after Failed Medical Treatment; for Idiopathic Trigeminal Neuralgia

Objective: To analyze the outcome of MVD as a first choice therapy when medical treatment has failed for the definitive management of Idiopathic Trigeminal Neuralgia.Material and Methods:Study was conducted at the Department of Neurosurgery PGMI / Lahore General Hospital, Lahore. This was a prospective observational case series from January 2007 to December 2008, 50 selected patients of Idiopathic Trigeminal Neuralgia diagnosed after radiological and clinical exclusion of secondary causes of Neuralgia presenting in whom medical management had failed were offered MVD as the first Intervention. All the patients were followed for one year post-operatively.Results: Mean age was 59.2 years and minimum age 47 year and maximum 72 years. There was 16 males (32.0%) and females were 34 (68.0%). Male to female ratio was 1: 2.16. In 15 (30.0%) patients facial pain was on left side and 35 (70.0%) patients had right sided pain. V1 was found in 1 (2.0%) patient, V3 in 2 (4.0%) pati-ents, V1 and V2 in 2 (4.0%) patients, V1-3 in 17 (34.0%) patients, V2,3 in 28 (56.0%) patients. An Arterial loop was found in 37 (74.0%) patients as the compressing agent and a Vein only in 4 (8.0%) patients. Mixed artery and vein in 8 (16.0%) patients. Thick arachnoid was the compressing agent in 1 (2.0%) patient. Out of 50 patients 46 (92.0%) had Excellent outcome, 3 (6.0%) patients had Good outcome, 1 (2.0%) patient was in Fair outcome group. No patients were in Bad and Failure outcome groups.Conclusion: Microvascular Decompression of trigeminal nerve is a safe and first choice therapy when medical treatment has failed for the definitive management of Idiopathic Trigeminal Neuralgia in otherwise medically fit patients provided Surgeon has adequate experience of performing the procedure

Cancer in Faisalabad and Nankana Sahib, Pakistan: 2017-2019; an Observational study

Introduction: The Punjab Cancer Registry's catchment area includes the districts of Faisalabad and Nankana Sahib. It is an observational, descriptive study that covers the three years from 2017 to 2019, evaluating the distribution of cancer in these two districts. Material and Methods: Data on incident cancer cases diagnosed between 2017 and 2019 among residents of Faisalabad and Nankana Sahib in Pakistan, reported by the participating centers of the Registry, were reviewed retrospectively. Figures and proportions for adults, children, and adolescents were computed. Results: During 2017 and 2019, 5,678 cases were reported from Faisalabad and 390 from Nankana Sahib, with over 50% seen in females. In both districts combined, among adult females, cancers of the breast, reproductive system, and hepatobiliary system were commonly diagnosed, while cancer of the lip/oral cavity/pharynx, hepatobiliary system, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma were the leading diagnoses among adult males. In children and young adults (0-19 years), acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Hodgkin lymphoma, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma were the most common diagnoses. Conclusion: The cancer distribution reported from Faisalabad and Nankana Sahib is of utmost importance. However, the underreporting of cancer cases cannot be ruled out. More input from the collaborators is needed to ensure the completeness of cancer surveillance in the region

Motion synchronization for the SHA/EMA hybrid actuation system by using an optimization algorithm

The current research develops a mathematical model and control strategies to address two major problems force fighting and precise position tracking for a hybrid actuation system composed of servo-hydraulic actuator and electro-mechanical actuator (SHA/EMA). The force fighting and desired position tracking are two essential problems of the SHA/EMA actuation system for a large civil aircraft. The trajectory-based fractional order proportional integral derivative (FOPID) control for the SHA/EMA actuation system is proposed, tuned with the help of the particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique and implemented with the support of the FOMCON toolbox in Matlab. The experiments are performed under different external aerodynamic loads that the aircraft usually experiences during flight operations. The results show that the proposed method shows better results for tracking performance, force fighting and load rejection ability