Equilibrium And Kinetics Of Disperse Dye Adsorption On Activated Carbon Prepared From Rattan Sawdust By Chemical Activation.

The liquid-phase adsorption of C.I. Disperse Orange 30 (DO30) onto activated carbon prepared from rattan sawdust by chemical activation with H3PO4. The rattan sawdust was carbonized at 500oC, 2h and impregnated ratio weight with H3PO4 at 1:4.5

Adsorption of endocrine disrupting compounds and other emerging contaminants using lignocellulosic biomass-derived porous carbons: A review

Hydrochars from lignocellulose biomass have received an upsurge of interest in different fields, especially in the area of adsorption. Hydrothermally produced hydrochars are effective adsorbents for removing different pollutants, and they serve as a cheap and sustainable raw material for subsequent activation to achieve porous activated carbons (ACs) with large surface areas. In this review, recent studies on preparation and characteristics of adsorbents in terms of hydrochars from lignocellulose biomass and their derived ACs are presented and discussed. The application of these adsorbents for the removal of endocrine disrupting chemicals and other emerging pollutants is included. The sources and classification, adsorption isotherm, kinetics, and mechanism of these pollutants and the capability of regenerating and reusing cheap and efficient adsorbents such as hydrochar and ACs are also discussed. This review identifies knowledge gaps and proposes insights into new directions for improving the applications of hydrochar and ACs as adsorbents.The publication of this article was funded by the Qatar National Library.Scopu

Review on recent progress in chitosan/chitin-carbonaceous material composites for the adsorption of water pollutants

Chitosan and chitin are categorized as low cost, renewable and eco-friendly biopolymers. However, they have low mechanical properties and unfavorable pore properties in terms of low surface area and total pore volume that limit their adsorption application. Many studies have shown that such weaknesses can be avoided by preparation of composites with carbonaceous materials from these biopolymers. This article provides a systematic review on the preparation of chitosan/chitin-carbonaceous material composites. Commonly used carbonaceous materials such as activated carbon, biochar, carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide and graphene to prepare composites are discussed. The application of chitosan/chitin-carbonaceous material composites for the adsorption of various water pollutants, and the regeneration and reusability of adsorbents are also included. Finally, the challenges and future prospects for the adsorbents applied for the adsorption of water pollutants are summarized.The publication of this article was funded by the Qatar National Library .Scopu

Recent progress on catalytic co-pyrolysis of plastic waste and lignocellulosic biomass to liquid fuel: The influence of technical and reaction kinetic parameters

Discharge of non-biodegradable plastic waste and lignocellulosic biomass into the environment, and the resultant pollution has persistently increased all over the globe. This activity poses a threat not only to mankind, but also to the environment. In addressing this challenge, catalytic co-pyrolysis (CCP) of plastic waste and lignocellulosic biomass is one of the attractive ways used to reduce these types of waste, while simultaneously obtaining an alternative for conventional fossil fuel. This article has critically reviewed the literature on CCP in several areas, especially the impact of technical parameters, such as heating systems, experimental conditions, and synergistic effect of the CCP of plastic and biomass wastes. The kinetics and reaction pathways of CCP of plastic and biomass wastes are also discussed. The analysis and information presented in this review may be used in future studies to develop a sustainable and efficient heating processes in pyrolysis system to re-engineer plastic and biomass wastes.The authors thankfully acknowledge the support obtained from Lotte Chemical Titan (M), Berhad, and Universiti Sains Malaysia (Grant Number: 304/PJKIMIA/6050422/L128), in the form of research grant and facilities which brought forth this article.Scopu

Recent advances on the treatment of oil fields produced water by adsorption and advanced oxidation processes

The handling and treatment of produced water (PW) generated during oil and gas extraction has continued to be a serious dilemma due to its large quantities and complex composition with variety of pollutants. In this review article, the treatment of PW using adsorption and advanced oxidation processes (AOP) and their integrated processes is analyzed and discussed, where the PW sources studied were both real and artificially contaminated PW. The role of different reaction parameters and their effect on the performance of these processes is critically evaluated. Furthermore, the existing research gaps were identified where it was found that there are insufficient studies on the integration of adsorption and advanced oxidation processes, but with the available literature, it was shown that integrated adsorption-advanced oxidation processes could be effectively used to treat produced water. It was deduced that further studies should target continuous columns (packed bed) rather than batch systems. Moreover, cost analysis and comparison should be carried out to see the feasibility of these systems. Also, innovative integrated technologies and efficient methods for the regeneration and reuse of these systems should be studied for their upscaling to industrial-scale applications.- Qatar National Library - open access fund. - Qatar University - grant no. (IRCC-2021-014; CL/SQU-QU/CESR/21/01). - Sultan Qaboos University - grant no. CL/SQU-QU/CESR/21/01, IRCC-2021-014

Spectral and Structural Properties of High-Quality Reduced Graphene Oxide Produced via a Simple Approach Using Tetraethylenepentamine

A simple temperature-assisted solution interaction technique was used to functionalize and reduce graphene oxide (GO) using tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) with less chemicals, low temperature, and without using other reducing agents. GO nanosheets, produced using a modified Hummers? method, were functionalized using two different GO:TEPA ratios (1:5 and 1:10). The reduction of GO was evaluated and confirmed by different spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The FTIR and XPS spectra revealed that most of the oxygenated groups of GO were reduced. The emergence of amide groups in the XPS survey of the rGO-TEPA samples confirmed the successful reaction of TEPA with the carboxyl groups on the edges of GO. The replacement of the oxygenated groups increased the carbon/oxygen (C/O) ratio of GO by approximately 60%, suggesting a good reduction degree. It was found that the I2D/ID+D? ratio and the relative intensity of the D?? band clearly increased after the reduction reaction, suggesting that these bands are good estimators for the reduction degree of GO. The morphological structure of GO was also affected by the reaction with TEPA, which was confirmed by SEM and TEM images. The TEM images showed that the transparent GO sheets became denser and opaque after functionalization with TEPA, indicating an increase in the stacking level of the GO sheets. This was further confirmed by the XRD analysis, which showed a clear decrease in the d-spacing, caused by the removal of oxygenated groups during the reduction reaction.Scopu

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. Methods: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model—a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates—with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality—which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. Findings: The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2–100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1–290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1–211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4–48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3–37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7–9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. Interpretation: Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Insight into the co-pyrolysis of different blended feedstocks to biochar for the adsorption of organic and inorganic pollutants: A review

Co-pyrolysis of blended feedstocks has received increasing attention due to its significant role in avoiding the weakness of products made from normal pyrolysis of individual feedstocks. Many studies have shown that co-pyrolysis can enhance the yield and properties of biochar, e.g. improve pore structure, reduce ash content, increase heating value, and also enhance adsorption performance toward a variety of pollutants. In addition, co-pyrolysis has the added benefits of decreasing the quantity of waste and avoiding pollution issues. In this article, the co-pyrolysis of different feedstock blends to biochar has been reviewed. The influence of co-pyrolysis variables on the yield and properties of biochar has been discussed. The application of co-pyrolysis derived biochars as adsorbents for organic and inorganic pollutants has also been included. Important suggestions are proposed for the future development of the co-pyrolysis into biochar and its application. This article includes an overview on the most adopted and efficient feedstocks, significant affecting variables, extensively tested pollutants, well utilized adsorption models, and synergetic behavior in co-pyrolysis to biochar adsorbent.Scopu

Electrofuels as emerging new green alternative fuel: A review of recent literature

The transportation sector is a major contributor in global emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG). Vital measures should be taken in order to reduce the GHG, among these measures is using electrofuels. Electrofuels are produced by combining recycled CO2 gas and hydrogen derived from water electrolysis, where the energy required to produce these fuels comes from zero-carbon electric energy. Electrofuels also include recycled solid metal fuels, which are produced through electrochemical reduction reactions of their oxides. This article presents a review on the recent advances in the field of electrofuels, which includes the chemistry of electrofuels and the reactions to produce it plus, it compares between the different studies discussing the Electrofuels life cycle assessment, and their economical and technical evaluation. Moreover, this review covers the combustion behavior of electrofuels, and how it is affecting its performance and usage. This review concluded with few suggestions to improve the production cost of electrofuels, and their integration within the current energy systems.Scopu

Insights into the isotherm and kinetic models for the coadsorption of pharmaceuticals in the absence and presence of metal ions: A review

Pharmaceuticals are a wide class of emerging pollutants due to their continuous and the increasing consumption of users. These pollutants are usually found in the real environment as mixtures alone or with metal ions. Thus, the migration risk increases, which complicates the removal of pharmaceuticals because of the combined and synergistic effects. The focus of treatment of pharmaceutical mixtures and their coexistence with metals is of considerable importance. For this purpose, adsorption has been efficiently applied to several studies for the treatment of such complex systems. In this article, the coadsorption behavior of pharmaceuticals in the absence and existence of metals on several adsorbents has been reviewed. The adsorption isotherms and kinetics of these two systems have been analyzed using different models and discussed. Important challenges and promising routes are suggested for the future development of the coadsorption of the studied systems. This article provides an overview on the most utilized and effective adsorbents, widely studied adsorbates, best applied isotherm and kinetic models, and competitive effect in coadsorption of pharmaceuticals, both with and without metals. - 2019 Elsevier LtdScopu