Der Mathematiker Lazarus Fuchs : eine biographische Anthologie / aus Nachrufen und biographischen Artikeln von Meyer Hamburger, Carl von Voit, Georg Wallenberg u.a. zusammengestellt von Gabriele Dörflinger

Lazarus Fuchs (1833 - 1902) lehrte von 1875 bis 1884 als Mathematikprofessor an der Heidelberger Universität. Er untersuchte hauptsächlich lineare Differentialgleichungen mit algebraischen Koeffizienten. Nach ihm sind die Fuchsschen Differentialgleichungen benannt. Die Sammlung enthält u.a. Beiträge von Meyer Hamburger, Carl von Voit und Georg Wallenberg, sowie die auf Lazarus Fuchs bezüglichen Passagen aus Leo Koenigsbergers Erinnerungen ,,Mein Leben''. Außerdem wurde die Antrittsrede Fuchs' in der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften beigefügt

A Complex Genomic Rearrangement Involving the Endothelin 3 Locus Causes Dermal Hyperpigmentation in the Chicken

Dermal hyperpigmentation or Fibromelanosis (FM) is one of the few examples of skin pigmentation phenotypes in the chicken, where most other pigmentation variants influence feather color and patterning. The Silkie chicken is the most widespread and well-studied breed displaying this phenotype. The presence of the dominant FM allele results in extensive pigmentation of the dermal layer of skin and the majority of internal connective tissue. Here we identify the causal mutation of FM as an inverted duplication and junction of two genomic regions separated by more than 400 kb in wild-type individuals. One of these duplicated regions contains endothelin 3 (EDN3), a gene with a known role in promoting melanoblast proliferation. We show that EDN3 expression is increased in the developing Silkie embryo during the time in which melanoblasts are migrating, and elevated levels of expression are maintained in the adult skin tissue. We have examined four different chicken breeds from both Asia and Europe displaying dermal hyperpigmentation and conclude that the same structural variant underlies this phenotype in all chicken breeds. This complex genomic rearrangement causing a specific monogenic trait in the chicken illustrates how novel mutations with major phenotypic effects have been reused during breed formation in domestic animals

Copy Number Variation in Intron 1 of SOX5 Causes the Pea-comb Phenotype in Chickens

Pea-comb is a dominant mutation in chickens that drastically reduces the size of the comb and wattles. It is an adaptive trait in cold climates as it reduces heat loss and makes the chicken less susceptible to frost lesions. Here we report that Pea-comb is caused by a massive amplification of a duplicated sequence located near evolutionary conserved non-coding sequences in intron 1 of the gene encoding the SOX5 transcription factor. This must be the causative mutation since all other polymorphisms associated with the Pea-comb allele were excluded by genetic analysis. SOX5 controls cell fate and differentiation and is essential for skeletal development, chondrocyte differentiation, and extracellular matrix production. Immunostaining in early embryos demonstrated that Pea-comb is associated with ectopic expression of SOX5 in mesenchymal cells located just beneath the surface ectoderm where the comb and wattles will subsequently develop. The results imply that the duplication expansion interferes with the regulation of SOX5 expression during the differentiation of cells crucial for the development of comb and wattles. The study provides novel insight into the nature of mutations that contribute to phenotypic evolution and is the first description of a spontaneous and fully viable mutation in this developmentally important gene

Magna Carta, the Rule of Law and the Limits on Government

This paper surveys the legal tradition that links Magna Carta with the modern concepts of the rule of law and the limits on government. It documents that the original understanding of the rule of law included substantive commitments to individual freedom and limited government. Then, it attempts at explaining how and why such commitments were lost to a formalist interpretation of the rule of law from 1848 to 1939. The paper concludes by arguing how a revival of the substantive commitments of the rule of law is central in a project of reshaping modern states

Plowshare

54 tr. ills ; 21 cm

De uisu: o mais antigo tratado supérstite de oftalmologia do Ocidente De uisu: the oldest surviving treatise on ophthalmology in the West

Apresenta-se aqui, em língua portuguesa, o tratado mais antigo que o Ocidente nos legou acerca da oftalmologia, "Sobre a visão" ou em latim De uisu, com um estudo introdutório que tem por fim situá-lo na história da medicina, sem, contudo, abdicar da demonstração das dificuldades filológicas que o texto encerra.<br>We present here in Portuguese the oldest treatise that the West has bequeathed us about ophthalmology and eyesight in general, namely "On vision" or De uisu in Latin, with an introductory study that seeks to situate its place in the history of medicine, without, however, failing to dwell on the philological difficulties that the text contains

Relationship between arm span to height ratio, aortic root diameter, and systolic blood pressure in collegiate athletes

Study objective: Sudden cardiac death is the most common cause of non-traumatic death in collegiate athletes. Marfan syndrome poses a risk for sudden cardiac death secondary to aortic root dilation leading to aortic dissection or rupture. Arm span to height ratio (ASHR) > 1.05 has been proposed as a screening tool for Marfan syndrome in pre-participation examinations (PPE) for collegiate athletes but limited data exists on the association between ASHR and aortic root diameter (ARD). This study examines the relationship between ASHR and ARD and assesses for predictors of ARD. Design: Retrospective chart review. Setting: National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I University. Participants: 793 athletes across thirteen sports between 2012 and 2022 evaluated with PPE and screening echocardiogram. Interventions: Not applicable. Main outcome measures: (1) Relationships between ASHR, SBP, BSA, and ARD amongst all athletes as well as stratified by ASHR >1.05 or ≤1.05 using univariate analysis. (2) Predictors of ARD using multivariate analysis using linear regression. Results: 143 athletes (18 %) had ASHRs > 1.05. Athletes with ASHR > 1.05 had higher ARD (2.99 cm) than athletes with ASHR ≤ 1.05 (2.85 cm). Weak correlations were noted between ASHR, ARD, and SBP. Multivariate analysis showed that BSA, male sex, and participation in swimming were predictors of ARD. ASHR was not predictive of ARD in regression analysis. Conclusions: These findings showed a tendency towards higher ARD in athletes with ASHR >1.05 but this observation was not statistically significant in multivariate analysis