The impact of natural factors and the interaction of anthropogenic resources on the productivity and energy potential of grasslands

The role of natural factors and the interaction of anthropogenic resources with them was researched. The meadow agroecosystems based on income balance, accumulation, and expenditure of energy yield were assessed. The study has been carried out during 2011-2015 at the long-term (47 years) field experiment of the Institute of Agriculture of the Carpathian region, which includes permanent and temporary grasslands. The dry matter (DM) yield and energy yield (EY) of permanent grassland, mainly depend on mineral fertilization. Application of NPK which includes 60 kg P per ha, 90 kg K per ha, and 90 kg N per ha promotes the acquisition of 8.22 t/ha DM with 155.4 GJ/ha EY. The sum of energy yield from the aboveground mass (71.5 GJ/ha), the root (65.9 GJ/ha) and the soil energy (112.7 GJ/ha) is 250.1 GJ/ha. Production of gross energy is 260.1 GJ/ha from this grassland. The use of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, lime and growth enhancer has a positive impact on the DM yield, soil fertility, and EY of temporary legume-grass grasslands. This combined fertilizer yields 6.65 t/ha DM and 260.3 GJ/ha of EY. Grasslands for the accumulation of total EY used 91-96% of energy from renewable, that is, natural factors provide a positive balance of energy in the Earth biosphere processes

Specific manifestation of enzymomycotic depletion of grain on crop losses

Background. Enzymomycotic depletion of grain leads to a significant decrease in the dry matter mass of the grain, as the intensity of respiration increases, protein substances break down, enzymes (in particular, α-amylase) pass from the adsorbed form to the water-soluble one, and their activity increases sharply. One of the consequences of this is the intensive amylolysis of starch, which means a significant deterioration in the technological indicators of the quality of grain and seeds. Materials and Methods. This study gives a thorough description of the process of enzymomycotic depletion of grain of soft winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), sowing rye (Secale cereale L.), winter triticale (Triticosecale Witt.) depending on abiotic factors and the sources of resistance to ear diseases 4, 8, 12 days after the onset of full ripeness in the conditions of the western forest-steppe of Ukraine (2019–2021). Research methods – general scientific, field, measurement and weight, mathematical and statistical. Results and Discussion. According to the obtained results, the dependence of enzymomycotic depletion of grain on abiotic factors was established. The development of ear diseases depended both on weather factors and on the ecological plasticity of the cultivar. The highest percentage of the distribution of ear sepsoria was observed on the 12th day after the onset of full ripeness: wheat – 3.3 %, rye – 2.4 %, triticale – 1.9 %, fusarium, respectively 2.4 %, 1.9 %, 1 %, 8 %. The loss of dry matter in the weight of 1000 grains depended on the ecotype of the cultivar and the duration of the grain stan­ding time 4, 8, and 12 days after full ripeness. Conclusion. The following cultivars were most resistant to EMDG: Oberih Myronivsky (wheat), Kobza (rye), Obrij Myronivsky (triticale); their base seed production profitability rates being 75.1 %, 116.6 %, and 146.8 %, respectively. The results of the study can be used in the selection of varieties of winter grain crops resistant to enzymomycotic grain depletion for the western forest-steppe and Polissya zones of Ukraine, where breeding work on these crops is not carried out and agricultural producers purchase seeds of new varieties from the originating institutions of the central forest-steppe to introduce them into production

Економічна оцінка моделей технологій створення та використання бобово-злакових травостоїв

Purpose. The aim of the study was to determine the economic efficiency of liming, inoculation, growth stimulant, mineral, composite organic-mineral fertilizers, the number of legumes and cereals mown during the season and to conduct a comparative analysis of economic efficiency of grassland use for three and five years. Methodology / approach. Economic evaluation of the efficiency of technologies was based on experimental data. The experimental work was carried out on the stationary experience of the Institute of Agriculture of the Carpathian region of National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine during 2011–2015. Meadow clover, eastern galega, Timothy grass, meadow fescue and Bromus inermis were used to create the herbage. Indicators of economic efficiency were determined by the calculation method on personally developed technological maps. Results. According to the data of five-year research the dynamics of forage productivity of bean-cereal grass stand was determined and the economic estimation of technologies of creation and use of meadow agro phytocenosis is given. It was found that the total cost of creating grass stands was 189–191 USD/ha, and the application of lime increased them to 555 USD/ha. In the first year the yield of fodder units at the level of 2.22–4.53 t/ha was obtained from the newly created legume-grass stand, and in the third year – 4.43–7.36 t/ha. In the fifth year, the forage productivity of grassland decreased to 4.25–6.53 t/ha of forage units. The highest indicators of economic efficiency of creation and use of leguminous and cereal grasses were received for three years of use, and on the average for five years the level of profitability and conditionally net income decreased a little. The most expensive measure by creating legumes is liming the soil. From an economic point of view, this measure pays off by mowing the grass twice in three years and three times in five years. The highest forage productivity of clover-cereal grassland with a conditional level of profitability of 291 %, conditionally net income of 753 USD/ha is provided by the technology of creation and use, which includes the use of composite organic-mineral fertilizer against phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. Originality / scientific novelty. For the first time, the expediency of using composite organic-mineral fertilizers in the creation of legumes and cereals was proved, and their role in increasing fodder, energy and agro-resource potential was revealed. Practical value / implications. The proposed models of technologies allow creating high-performance legume-cereal meadow agrophytocenoses without the use of nitrogen fertilizers with the use of composite organo-mineral preparations, which provide an average of 5.7 t/ha of fodder units in five years; contribute to increasing a conditional level of profitability to 291 %, which leads to increased efficiency of agricultural production

Middle Bronze Age cemeteries, ‘double barrows’ and mortuary houses in the Upper Dniester Basin, Western Ukraine: Geophysical prospection and archaeological verification

This article discusses two cases of so-called double barrows from the Middle Bronze Age Komarow culture cemetery in Bukivna, in the Upper Dniester Basin (Ukraine), in order to demonstrate the potential of incorporating geophysical image analysis, excavations and sedimentological studies towards identifying subterranean funerary architecture. The magnetometer prospection of the Bukivna necropolis revealed the presence of a specific dipolar anomaly within the extent of a double barrow. The excavations uncovered burnt wooden-clay constructions related to mortuary houses. The sedimentological samples collected from the features below the mound provided data for the increased ferrous content. Another double barrow located in the Pidhoroddia cemetery was prospected by means of magnetometry, which did not reveal any similar anomaly within the magnetometry plan, thus providing evidence for a possible lack of discussed mortuary structure