64 research outputs found
Memory Phenotype CD4 T Cells Undergoing Rapid, Nonburst-Like, Cytokine-Driven Proliferation Can Be Distinguished from Antigen-Experienced Memory Cells
Contrary to the current paradigm that nearly all memory T cells proliferate in response to antigenic stimulation, this paper shows that an important population of CD4 T lymphocytes achieves memory/effector status independent of antigenic stimulation
The antigen-specific CD8+ T cell repertoire in unimmunized mice includes memory phenotype cells bearing markers of homeostatic expansion
Memory T cells exhibit superior responses to pathogens and tumors compared with their naive counterparts. Memory is typically generated via an immune response to a foreign antigen, but functional memory T cells can also be produced from naive cells by homeostatic mechanisms. Using a recently developed method, we studied CD8 T cells, which are specific for model (ovalbumin) and viral (HSV, vaccinia) antigens, in unimmunized mice and found a subpopulation bearing markers of memory cells. Based on their phenotypic markers and by their presence in germ-free mice, these preexisting memory-like CD44hi CD8 T cells are likely to arise via physiological homeostatic proliferation rather than a response to environmental microbes. These antigen-inexperienced memory phenotype CD8 T cells display several functions that distinguish them from their CD44lo counterparts, including a rapid initiation of proliferation after T cell stimulation and rapid IFN-γ production after exposure to proinflammatory cytokines. Collectively, these data indicate that the unprimed antigen-specific CD8 T cell repertoire contains antigen-inexperienced cells that display phenotypic and functional traits of memory cells
Application of molecular biology methods to indentify fungi inhabiting dead wood of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)
Abundance and diversity of fungi in oak wood
Deadwood is an important functional and structural component of forest ecosystems since it
regulates nutrient cycling, serves as a carbon (C) pool, increases the C content in the soil, and is a source
of resources, including water, for a wide range of saproxylic and non-saproxylic organisms. The abundance
and diversity of wood-inhabiting fungi in six fallen, horizontally lying logs of Quercus petraea, in the 1st, 2nd
and 3rd decay classes, in the Drawa National Park in Poland in 2015, were studied using the Illumina se-
quencing technique. The total number of OTUs obtained (264 307) included sequences of culturable fungi
(242 369 = 91.70%) and non-culturable fungi (7 056 = 2.66%). The dead oak wood was colonized by 277
taxa. Culturable fungi of Zygomycota, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota comprised 75% of taxa detected and
were represented by 14, 139 and 53 taxa respectively. Non-culturable organisms were represented by 70
taxa. Fungi were classified into 18 groups: (i) typical soft rot fungi, (ii) phytopathogens potentially hazard-
ous to trees, (iii) epiphytes and endophytes or weak, opportunistic pathogens, (iv) ectomycorrhizal species,
(v) ericoid mycorrhizal species, (vi) crust fungi, (vii) resupinate basidiomycetes, (viii) saprotrophs and
soil fungi, (ix) opportunistic human pathogens causing superficial or systemic mycoses, (x) pathogens of
warm- or cold-blooded animals, (xi) ascomycetous yeasts, (xii) basidiomycetous yeasts, (xiii) antagonists
of fungi, (xiv) producers of metabolites effective against pathogens, (xv) hyperparasites, (xvi) lichen-form-
ing species, (xvii) partners of other fungi, (xviii) species rare or uncommon in nature. It was shown that:
(i) coarse, woody debris of oak is host to abundant and diverse mycobiota, (ii) abundance and diversity of
fungi increase with the decay continuum, (iii) oak logs can be a habitat of phytopathogens potentially haz-
ardous to forest health, (iv) different phytopathogens favour wood in different decay classes, (v) abundance
of pathogens decreases, and of ericoid mycorrhizal (or soil) species increases with the decay continuum.
Maintaining different types of deadwood increases fungal diversity, but also the risk of diseases
Unconventional CD45RA+ memory CD8 T cells to control HIV infection during antiretroviral therapy.
peer reviewe
Unconventional CD45RA+ memory CD8 T cells to control HIV infection during antiretroviral therapy
Combined TLR/CD40 Stimulation Mediates Potent Cellular Immunity by Regulating Dendritic Cell Expression of CD70 In Vivo
Recommended from our members
Sublethal irradiation : a nonlethal method to achieve cross-species chimerism (rat→mouse)
- …