13,776 research outputs found
Quantum Gauge Equivalence in QED
We discuss gauge transformations in QED coupled to a charged spinor field,
and examine whether we can gauge-transform the entire formulation of the theory
from one gauge to another, so that not only the gauge and spinor fields, but
also the forms of the operator-valued Hamiltonians are transformed. The
discussion includes the covariant gauge, in which the gauge condition and
Gauss's law are not primary constraints on operator-valued quantities; it also
includes the Coulomb gauge, and the spatial axial gauge, in which the
constraints are imposed on operator-valued fields by applying the
Dirac-Bergmann procedure. We show how to transform the covariant, Coulomb and
spatial axial gauges to what we call
``common form,'' in which all particle excitation modes have identical
properties. We also show that, once that common form has been reached, QED in
different gauges has a common time-evolution operator that defines
time-translation for states that represent systems of electrons and photons.
By combining gauge transformations with changes of representation from
standard to common form, the entire apparatus of a gauge theory can be
transformed from one gauge to another.Comment: Contribution for a special issue of Foundations of Physics honoring
Fritz Rohrlich; edited by Larry P. Horwitz, Tel-Aviv University, and Alwyn
van der Merwe, University of Denver (Plenum Publishing, New York); 40 pages,
REVTEX, Preprint UCONN-93-3, 1 figure available upon request from author
Anharmonic Self-Energy of Phonons: Ab Initio Calculations and Neutron Spin Echo Measurements
We have calculated (ab initio) and measured (by spin-echo techniques) the
anharmonic self-energy of phonons at the X-point of the Brillouin zone for
isotopically pure germanium. The real part agrees with former, less accurate,
high temperature data obtained by inelastic neutron scattering on natural
germanium. For the imaginary part our results provide evidence that transverse
acoustic phonons at the X-point are very long lived at low temperatures, i.e.
their probability of decay approaches zero, as a consequence of an unusual
decay mechanism allowed by energy conservation.Comment: 8 pages, 2 figures, pdf fil
Topology of the gauge-invariant gauge field in two-color QCD
We investigate solutions to a nonlinear integral equation which has a central
role in implementing the non-Abelian Gauss's Law and in constructing
gauge-invariant quark and gluon fields. Here we concern ourselves with
solutions to this same equation that are not operator-valued, but are functions
of spatial variables and carry spatial and SU(2) indices. We obtain an
expression for the gauge-invariant gauge field in two-color QCD, define an
index that we will refer to as the ``winding number'' that characterizes it,
and show that this winding number is invariant to a small gauge transformation
of the gauge field on which our construction of the gauge-invariant gauge field
is based. We discuss the role of this gauge field in determining the winding
number of the gauge-invariant gauge field. We also show that when the winding
number of the gauge field is an integer , the gauge-invariant
gauge field manifests winding numbers that are not integers, and are
half-integers only when .Comment: 26 pages including 6 encapsulated postscript figures. Numerical
errors have been correcte
Gauge equivalence in QCD: the Weyl and Coulomb gauges
The Weyl-gauge ( QCD Hamiltonian is unitarily transformed to a
representation in which it is expressed entirely in terms of gauge-invariant
quark and gluon fields. In a subspace of gauge-invariant states we have
constructed that implement the non-Abelian Gauss's law, this unitarily
transformed Weyl-gauge Hamiltonian can be further transformed and, under
appropriate circumstances, can be identified with the QCD Hamiltonian in the
Coulomb gauge. We demonstrate an isomorphism that materially facilitates the
application of this Hamiltonian to a variety of physical processes, including
the evaluation of -matrix elements. This isomorphism relates the
gauge-invariant representation of the Hamiltonian and the required set of
gauge-invariant states to a Hamiltonian of the same functional form but
dependent on ordinary unconstrained Weyl-gauge fields operating within a space
of ``standard'' perturbative states. The fact that the gauge-invariant
chromoelectric field is not hermitian has important implications for the
functional form of the Hamiltonian finally obtained. When this nonhermiticity
is taken into account, the ``extra'' vertices in Christ and Lee's Coulomb-gauge
Hamiltonian are natural outgrowths of the formalism. When this nonhermiticity
is neglected, the Hamiltonian used in the earlier work of Gribov and others
results.Comment: 25 page
Precision Measurements of Stretching and Compression in Fluid Mixing
The mixing of an impurity into a flowing fluid is an important process in
many areas of science, including geophysical processes, chemical reactors, and
microfluidic devices. In some cases, for example periodic flows, the concepts
of nonlinear dynamics provide a deep theoretical basis for understanding
mixing. Unfortunately, the building blocks of this theory, i.e. the fixed
points and invariant manifolds of the associated Poincare map, have remained
inaccessible to direct experimental study, thus limiting the insight that could
be obtained. Using precision measurements of tracer particle trajectories in a
two-dimensional fluid flow producing chaotic mixing, we directly measure the
time-dependent stretching and compression fields. These quantities, previously
available only numerically, attain local maxima along lines coinciding with the
stable and unstable manifolds, thus revealing the dynamical structures that
control mixing. Contours or level sets of a passive impurity field are found to
be aligned parallel to the lines of large compression (unstable manifolds) at
each instant. This connection appears to persist as the onset of turbulence is
approached.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figure
Configurable Process Models as a Basis for Reference Modeling
Off-the-shelf packages such as SAP need to be configured to suit the requirements of an organization. Reference models support the configuration of these systems. Existing reference models use rather traditional languages. For example, the SAP reference model uses Eventdriven Process Chains (EPCs). Unfortunately, traditional languages like EPCs do not capture the configuration-aspects well. Consider for example the concept of "choice" in the control-flow perspective. Although any process modeling language, including EPCs, offers a choice construct (e.g., the XOR connector in EPCs), a single construct will not be able to capture the time dimension, scope, and impact of a decision. Some decisions are taken at run-time for a single case while other decisions are taken at build-time impacting a whole organization and all current and future cases. This position paper discusses the need for configurable process models as a basic building block for reference modeling. The focus is on the control-flow perspective. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2006
The global electroweak fit at NNLO and prospects for the LHC and ILC
For a long time, global fits of the electroweak sector of the Standard Model
(SM) have been used to exploit measurements of electroweak precision
observables at lepton colliders (LEP, SLC), together with measurements at
hadron colliders (Tevatron, LHC), and accurate theoretical predictions at
multi-loop level, to constrain free parameters of the SM, such as the Higgs and
top masses. Today, all fundamental SM parameters entering these fits are
experimentally determined, including information on the Higgs couplings, and
the global fits are used as powerful tools to assess the validity of the theory
and to constrain scenarios for new physics. Future measurements at the Large
Hadron Collider (LHC) and the International Linear Collider (ILC) promise to
improve the experimental precision of key observables used in the fits. This
paper presents updated electroweak fit results using newest NNLO theoretical
predictions, and prospects for the LHC and ILC. The impact of experimental and
theoretical uncertainties is analysed in detail. We compare constraints from
the electroweak fit on the Higgs couplings with direct LHC measurements, and
examine present and future prospects of these constraints using a model with
modified couplings of the Higgs boson to fermions and bosons.Comment: 26 pages, 9 figure
Specifications and programs for computer software validation
Three software products developed during the study are reported and include: (1) FORTRAN Automatic Code Evaluation System, (2) the Specification Language System, and (3) the Array Index Validation System
Stressed detector arrays for airborne astronomy
The development of stressed Ge:Ga detector arrays for far-infrared astronomy from the Kuiper Airborne Observatory (KAO) is discussed. Researchers successfully constructed and used a three channel detector array on five flights from the KAO, and have conducted laboratory tests of a two-dimensional, 25 elements (5x5) detector array. Each element of the three element array performs as well as the researchers' best single channel detector, as do the tested elements of the 25 channel system. Some of the exciting new science possible with far-infrared detector arrays is also discussed
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