Robust research tools shed light on the crucial development issue of alcohol harm and enable effective policy adoption

The International Alcohol Control (IAC) Study collects and analyses detailed information regarding alcohol-related health and economic burdens, and the potential effectiveness of various measures, using two research tools – an extensive survey of the drinking population and a protocol for an analysis of the alcohol policy environment. The article focuses on IAC work and results, which provide an important baseline of local data that countries can utilize to initiate public debate and policy dialogue, and on which they can build when policy interventions are considered. The IDRC IAC data collection comprises selected low and middle-income countries (LMICs)

Wyoming Toad 3

AnimaliaCraniataAmphibiaAnuraBufonidaeBufoBreeding Season: May-JulyCompressed from .wav format into .mp3 delivery formatToad breeding calls at Mortenson Lake National Wildlife Refuge; Recorded June 15, 1989 at approximately 11 PM. "Mortenson Lake National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) supports the last known breeding population of the endangered Wyoming toad. The Refuge encompasses 1,776 acres and is located southwest of Laramie, Wyoming. The four main lakes on the Refuge are associated with a series of high elevation lakes called the 'Laramie plains lakes.'"- Source: US Fish and Wildlife Service; According to the conservation data center NatureServe, "In June 2002, a survey at Mortenson Lake NWR yielded 124 yearlings and 4 adults (USFWS 2002). Limited natural reproduction and recruitment of a few metamorphosed juveniles ocurred in 2002 (USFWS 2002)." See: http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchSpeciesUid=ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.101600Local Time: 230

Review of policy action for healthy environmentally sustainable food systems in sub-Saharan Africa

This review comes from a themed issue on Sustainable Food systems, edited by Maria J. Darias, Mafaniso Hara, Israel Navarrete and Eric O. VergerInternational audienceMany sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries are experiencing multiple burdens of malnutrition. Rising overweight/obesity coexist alongside persistent burdens of under-nutrition and multiple micronutrient deficiencies. Poverty and social inequity remain key drivers of unhealthy diets and malnutrition. Diets in SSA are increasingly transitioning towards unhealthy (energydense, nutrient-poor and unsafe) and environmentally unsustainable diets. Healthy, sustainable food systems are required to deal with these considerable challenges equitably, so policy action needs to balance the health, environmental and economic dimensions of diets and food systems. We review evidence in recent literature for which policy actions have the best chance of success in SSA by appraising their likely impact, relevance, cost/affordability and feasibility to help guide policymakers and researchers in their development and evaluation