21 research outputs found
Fracture load of machined Y-TZP zirconia fixed-dental-prosthesis frameworks, fabricated with different CAD/CAM systems
Objective: The purpose of this study was to test yttria tetragonal stabilized zirconia (Y-TZP zirconia) frameworks machined using different CAD- and CAD/CAM-systems and determine whether the type of the zirconia and/or the type of the fabrication has an influence on the fracture load. The null-hypothesis was that no influence on the fracture load of the frameworks of zirconia fixed-partial-denture frameworks should be found. Methods: Two control and nine test groups allowed us to investigate the difference between densely sintered vs. pre-sintered zirconia, colored vs. non-colored, milled vs. ground, with or without water cooling. All frameworks in each group were fabricated by copying the shape of one master-framework. The fracture load of this identically shaped three-unit frameworks with 6mm2 interdental cross-sections was determined using a load to fracture test in a universal testing machine. Load data was analyzed using Anova Scheffe Alpha (.05) Results: Colored and wet-milled frameworks from hipped Y-TZP zirconia revealed the highest fracture load (2183 ± 451 N) and were significantly higher compared to all other groups. Neither the type of machining (production system, dry/wet milling, milling with cutters/diamond burrs) nor the mode of the coloring clearly influenced the fracture load. Regarding the dimensions of the frameworks prominent differences of the shapes and sizes of the frameworks machined with the different production systems were noticed. Conclusion: No clear conclusion can be drawn due to the differences of the investigated frameworks. Despite the high efforts to duplicate the shape of a master-framework none of the CAM- and CAD/CAM-systems was able to copy the master framework to full detail. A standardized production of the frameworks was not ensured. Further studies testing the fracture load of more standardized specimen are necessary
Prioritization and resource allocation in health care. The views of older people receiving continuous public care and service.
Objective To describe the views of people, 65 years and over, receiving continuous public care and service, on prioritization and resource allocation in health care, in relation to gender, age, housing, health-related quality of life (QoL) and degree of activities of daily living (ADL) dependency. Background How older people receiving continuous public care and service view prioritization and resource allocation in health care is sparsely investigated, although this group most certainly has the experience and also often is the target in discussions concerning prioritization. It is necessary, for democracy and for the development of new models of service delivery, to find out how people receiving long-term care and service view these issues. Design 146 persons, 34 men (23%) and 112 women (77%), aged 66â100 years were interviewed face to face, following a structured questionnaire. Results The respondents thought that the patientsâ well-being, way of living and family situation should affect prioritization, not age per se. Resourcing of several health-care services were considered to be below what is required by a majority of the respondents. The respondents wanted doctors to decide on prioritization at an individual level and wanted higher taxes to finance increasing health-care costs. Although the respondents wanted publicly financed health care, a relatively high number were willing to pay for treatment. Conclusions Knowledge of how older people receiving care and services, view prioritization and resource allocation has not previously been available. It seems that their views are in line with the Swedish Parliamentary Priority Commission which suggested that no account should be taken of age when allocating resources within the health-care system. Respondentsâ age, gender, housing, health-related QoL and degree of dependency in ADL had limited influence on their views of resource allocation
Ăslenska frĂĄ A til Ă. Um kennslubĂłk Ă Ăslensku sem öðru mĂĄli
Eftirfarandi ritgerĂ° er lokaverkefni til BA-prĂłfs Ă Ăslensku sem öðru mĂĄli viĂ° HugvĂsindasviĂ° HĂĄskĂłla Ăslands. Tilgangur hennar er aĂ° gefa yfirsĂœn yfir bĂłkina Ăslenska frĂĄ A til Ă â HandbĂłk um Ăslensku sem annaĂ° mĂĄl sem er Ă smĂĂ°um. SĂș ritgerĂ°arspurning sem Ă©g leitast viĂ° aĂ° svara er hvers konar bĂłk ĂŸetta er og hverjum hĂșn er ĂŠtluĂ°.
RitgerĂ°in skiptist Ă sex kafla. Ă ĂŸeim fyrsta er inngangsorĂ°um og efni ritgerĂ°ar lĂœst Ă stuttu mĂĄli. à öðrum kafla verĂ°ur dregiĂ° saman ĂŸaĂ° helsta um hvernig bĂłkin varĂ° til. Kafli ĂŸrjĂș gefur yfirlit yfir samevrĂłpska viĂ°miĂ°unarrammann fyrir erlend tungumĂĄl og framhaldsnĂĄmsskrĂĄna Ă Ăslensku fyrir Ăștlendinga. FjĂłrĂ°i kafli fjallar um hĂĄmarksfjölda kennslustunda Ă Ăslensku sem öðru mĂĄli Ă Ăœmsum tungumĂĄlaskĂłlum ĂĄ Ăslandi. Ă kafla fimm verĂ°ur athyglinni beint aĂ° ĂŸvĂ hvers konar bĂłk ĂŸetta er og til hverra hĂșn höfĂ°ar. Einnig verĂ°a skoĂ°uĂ° brot Ășr bĂłkinni. AĂ° ĂŸvĂ viĂ°bĂŠttu verĂ°ur horft til framtĂĂ°ar meĂ° tilliti til nĂŠstu skrefa Ă gerĂ° kennslubĂłkarinnar. Auk ĂŸess verĂ°ur rĂŠtt ĂĄ gagnrĂœninn hĂĄtt og komiĂ° meĂ° tillögur um ĂŸaĂ° sem betur mĂŠtti fara Ă innflytjendamĂĄlum ĂĄ Ăslandi. Ă lokakaflanum verĂ°a svo mikilvĂŠgustu atriĂ°in dregin saman
TraceMet - Calculation and Reporting Rules - Traceability â a pilot for sustainable metals and minerals (TraceMet)
This document was compiled during 2020 and early 2021 within the TraceMet project, funded by the strategic innovation program Swedish Mining Innovation, a joint investment of Vinnova, Formas and the Swedish Energy Agency. The document contains the Product Category Rules (PCR) - the methodology rules for how to calculate and report carbon footprint and recycled content for metal products. The document contains the Product Category Rules (PCR) - the methodology rules for how to calculate and report carbon footprint and recycled content for metal products and Specific Methods, Assumptions and Data (SMAD) for the two pilots with specific metal qualities.It is important to use rules when tracing carbon footprint and degree of recycled content of metals. This report regards product category rules (PCR) for tracing of these parameters in a steel and copper value chain respectively for the project TraceMet that was run in year 2020
Simplified LCA of Nilar NiMH battery pack (EC 10Ah, 144V) - Report within the Grön BoStad Stockholm project
This subproject has been carried out within the framework of the Grön BoStad Stockholm project, funded by the European Regional Development Fund. The report includes a life cycle assessment (LCA) study of a Nilar Nickel-metal hydride battery pack (EC 10Ah, 144V) carried out by IVL Environmental Research Institute on behalf of Nilar AB. The goal of this project is to provide knowledge of the environmental strengths and weaknesses of the Nilar NiMH battery pack from a cradle to gate perspective. The material composition of the battery was provided by Nilar. The study is made on a Nilar EC 144V battery pack, which can store up to 1.44 kWh of energy. The functional unit is 1 kWh of stored energy which corresponds to 0.7 battery packs. For the cradle to gate approach, the gate is the Nilar production site i.e. when the battery pack is ready to be delivered to customers. The cradle means the production of fuels, electricity, raw materials and extraction of natural resources. It also covers relevant transportation. The actual production of the battery at Nilar as well as the production of components by suppliers are however omitted since the process is assessed to have a minor impact. This study is simplified, only based on an inventory of the bill of materials provided by Nilar AB i.e. kg of materials such as metals and different polymers. Data applied for the materials are based on generic database data mostly representing EU averages. The data applied for production of raw materials has been extracted from thinkstep/GaBi databases and EcoInvent database. Data gaps and assumptions regarding key materials in this study will affect the result since these materials correspond to high percentages of the total battery weight. Production of compounds such as rare metals can also have a high environmental impact in their extraction and production phases. Due to lack of data for production of one of the rare metals it has been approximated as equal to production of a close neighbour in the periodic system. For one substance within the electrolyte, a similar compound was used as an approximation. Transportation of materials has been included on a rough level. For materials produced in China or Asia a long-distance sea transport from Shanghai to Europe has been applied, while for all other materials an assumption of 1000 km truck has been assumed. These are fair assumptions since the total impact from transportation is small in relation to the production of the materials. Also, electricity use from the production phase has been excluded since it was assessed to be small in relation to the total impact. The impact categories used in the study are Global warming potential (Climate change), Acidification potential, Eutrophication potential, Photochemical ozone creation potential and Abiotic resource depletion potential (ADP) elements. Categories used for LCA-results are Renewable and Non-renewable energy resources. â The production of one of the rare metals was approximated with production of a close neighbour in the periodic system. The share of the metal is very low, but the data applied corresponds to a very high impact resulting in a contribution to the total climate change. This is the most uncertain assumption made in this study and has a significant effect on the final result. The negative electrode corresponds to the highest share of the total climate change impact with 47% followed by the positive electrode with 24% and contact plate/case with 18%. For abiotic resource depletion potential, the negative electrode corresponds to the highest share of total impact with 71% of the total followed by the positive electrode with 23%.Den hĂ€r rapporten finns endast pĂ„ engelska. Svensk sammanfattning finns i rapporten
Egenskattning av röst- och halsbesvÀr (VHI-Lund) hos personer med misstÀnkt gastroesofageal refluxsjukdom
Röststörningar och halsirritation anses ofta bero pÄ gastroesofageal refluxsjukdom (GERD). Emellertid Àr sÄvÀl röstsymtomen som fynden vid svalg- och larynxundersökningar oftast ospecifika hos patienter med misstÀnkt reflux. Dessutom baseras refluxdiagnosen hos flertalet patienter enbart pÄ just forekorosten av röst- och halssymtom. DÀrfor Àr sambanden mellan GERD och röststörningar fortfarande inte helt sjÀlvklara. Inte desto mindre Àr denna patientgrupp ofta remitterad tilllogopeder och foniatrer for utredning och behandling, inklusive rösttrÀning. Det Àr dÀrfor angelÀget att fOrfina diagnostiken med pÄlitliga instrument for strukturerad anamnes. Studien syftar till att kartlÀgga forekorosten av sjÀlvupplevda röst- och halssymtom hos personer med anamnestisk misstanke om GERD med sjÀlvskattningsfrÄgeformulÀret VRI-Lund som omfattar en skala for hals- och tre skalor for röstsymtom. VRI-Lund delades ut till26 konsekutiva patienter med misstÀnkt GERD i samband med lÄngtids pH-mÀtning samt endoskopi vid kirurgiska kliniken i Lund, tvÄ patienter exkluderades. Enbart 5/24 patienter fick bekrÀftad GERD. Resultaten jÀrnfordes med 24 kontrollpersoner. Patienter med misstÀnkt GERD hade statistiskt signifikant mer symtom inom halsskalan och VRILundtotal, men det forelÄg ingen skillnad pÄ röstskalorna. Ingen statistiskt signifikant skillnad forelÄg inom patientgruppen. VÄr studie bekrÀftar att halsrelaterade symtom Àr vanliga hos personer med misstÀnkt men ej pÄvisbar GERD, men inte röstsymtom. Halsrelaterade symtom leder ofta till misstanke om reflux, men endast i ett ffital fall bekrÀftas diagnosen efter vidare utredning. En annan mekanism Àn gastroesofageal reflux och laryngofaryngeal reflux bör övervÀgas.
Miljöbedömning av matavfallsemballage - Livscykelanalys av olika pÄsalternativ
Matavfall anvĂ€nds ofta i Sverige för att producera biogödsel och biogas. Olika typer av matavfallsemballage (matavfallspĂ„sar) kan anvĂ€ndas för insamling av matavfall, t ex: plastpĂ„sar av polyeten (fossil- eller bio-baserade), pĂ„sar frĂ„n material baserade pĂ„ majs- eller potatisstĂ€rkelse, papperspĂ„sar. Alternativen har olika egenskaper och olika fördelar och nackdelar. MĂ„nga kommuner i Sverige stĂ€ller krav pĂ„ en specifik typ av emballage som ska anvĂ€ndas. Idag finns det inga speciella krav för matavfallsemballage för insamling av matavfall i Uppsala kommun och hushĂ„llen vĂ€ljer sjĂ€lva vilken typ av pĂ„se som anvĂ€nds. Uppsala Vatten vill undersöka om det ur hĂ„llbarhetssynpunkt finns skĂ€l att göra förĂ€ndringar av dagens insamlingssystem. I den hĂ€r studien gjordes en miljöutvĂ€rdering av olika typer av matavfallsemballage för insamling frĂ„n hushĂ„ll. Projektets syfte var att adressera frĂ„gestĂ€llningen hur matavfallsemballage av olika material pĂ„verkar klimatprestandan för insamling och rötning av matavfall. Studien har, genom livscykelanalys (LCA), utforskat, utvĂ€rderat och dokumenterat klimatpĂ„verkan frĂ„n olika matavfallsemballage lĂ€ngs hela vĂ€rdekedjan. Olika fördelar och nackdelar av materialval samt distribution av matavfallspĂ„sar har ocksĂ„ identifierats med hjĂ€lp av intervjuer med olika kommuner och företag i Sverige. De olika typerna av pĂ„sar för matavfallsemballage som har analyserats i den hĂ€r studien Ă€r: fossil polyeten (PE), (bĂ€rkasse och avfallspĂ„se pĂ„ rulle); Ă„tervunnen PE (bĂ€rkasse och avfallspĂ„se pĂ„ rulle), bio-baserad PE (bĂ€rkasse och avfallspĂ„se pĂ„ rulle) samt kompostpĂ„se (papper). En viktig del av en LCA-berĂ€kning Ă€r att sĂ€tta systemgrĂ€nser för vilka delar av livscykeln som berĂ€kningen ska tĂ€cka in. Detta beror i sin tur pĂ„ hur produkten anvĂ€nds. I denna studie har t. ex. inte tillverkningen av rĂ„vara och pĂ„se tagits med i berĂ€kningen för plastbĂ€rkassar p.g.a. att de frĂ€mst Ă€r tillverkade för att anvĂ€ndas till ett annat Ă€ndamĂ„l. För avfallspĂ„se pĂ„ rulle och kompostpĂ„se av papper inkluderas dĂ€remot denna tillverkning eftersom dessa pĂ„sar enbart Ă€r avsedda att anvĂ€ndas som matavfallsemballage. Resultaten visar att bĂ€rkassen av bio-baserad PE faller bĂ€st ut ur klimatsynpunkt eftersom utslĂ€ppet av koldioxid (CO2) vid förbrĂ€nning av bio-baserad PE Ă€r biogent och dĂ€rmed enligt praxis inte rĂ€knas som ett bidrag till antropogen klimatpĂ„verkan och dessutom exkluderas tillverkningen av rĂ„vara och pĂ„se. Det bör dock pĂ„pekas att valet av en bio-baserad PE bĂ€rkasse sĂ€llan Ă€r ett val man som konsument sjĂ€lv kan styra över eftersom tillgĂ„ngen regleras av butikernas val av material i pĂ„sar. Om man enbart jĂ€mför pĂ„sar som produceras för Ă€ndamĂ„let att samla in matavfall (dĂ€r âuppströms produktionâ inkluderas) Ă€r papperspĂ„se (kompostpĂ„se) bĂ€sta alternativet, och avfallspĂ„se pĂ„ rulle av fossil PE faller ut sĂ€mst ur klimatsynpunkt. Att kompostpĂ„se av papper Ă€r det mest gynnsamma alternativet, beror frĂ€mst pĂ„ att utslĂ€ppet av koldioxid (CO2) vid förbrĂ€nning av papper Ă€r biogent (analogt med fallet för bio-baserad PE). PĂ„verkan frĂ„n tillverkningen av rĂ„varan (papper) samt pĂ„stillverkningen Ă€r ocksĂ„ lĂ€gre för papperspĂ„sen. Under studien observerades dock att resultaten Ă€r mycket kĂ€nsliga för vissa osĂ€kra parametrar, t ex: antagande om volym av matavfall per pĂ„se, mĂ€ngder av producerad biogödsel och biogas samt biogödselkvalitet. KĂ€nslighetsanalyser visade att dessa parametrar kan pĂ„verka jĂ€mförelsen mellan pĂ„sarna och behöver dĂ€rmed studeras mer för att sĂ€kerstĂ€lla pĂ„litliga resultat.Matavfall anvĂ€nds ofta i Sverige för att producera biogödsel och biogas. Olika typer av matavfallsemballage (matavfallspĂ„sar) kan anvĂ€ndas för insamling av matavfall, t ex: plastpĂ„sar av polyeten (fossil- eller bio-baserade), pĂ„sar frĂ„n material baserade pĂ„ majs- eller potatisstĂ€rkelse, papperspĂ„sar. Alternativen har olika egenskaper och olika fördelar och nackdelar. MĂ„nga kommuner i Sverige stĂ€ller krav pĂ„ en specifik typ av emballage som ska anvĂ€ndas. Idag finns det inga speciella krav för matavfallsemballage för insamling av matavfall i Uppsala kommun och hushĂ„llen vĂ€ljer sjĂ€lva vilken typ av pĂ„se som anvĂ€nds. Uppsala Vatten vill undersöka om det ur hĂ„llbarhetssynpunkt finns skĂ€l att göra förĂ€ndringar av dagens insamlingssystem. I den hĂ€r studien gjordes en miljöutvĂ€rdering av olika typer av matavfallsemballage för insamling frĂ„n hushĂ„ll. Projektets syfte var att adressera frĂ„gestĂ€llningen hur matavfallsemballage av olika material pĂ„verkar klimatprestandan för insamling och rötning av matavfall. Studien har, genom livscykelanalys (LCA), utforskat, utvĂ€rderat och dokumenterat klimatpĂ„verkan frĂ„n olika matavfallsemballage lĂ€ngs hela vĂ€rdekedjan. Olika fördelar och nackdelar av materialval samt distribution av matavfallspĂ„sar har ocksĂ„ identifierats med hjĂ€lp av intervjuer med olika kommuner och företag i Sverige. De olika typerna av pĂ„sar för matavfallsemballage som har analyserats i den hĂ€r studien Ă€r: fossil polyeten (PE), (bĂ€rkasse och avfallspĂ„se pĂ„ rulle); Ă„tervunnen PE (bĂ€rkasse och avfallspĂ„se pĂ„ rulle), bio-baserad PE (bĂ€rkasse och avfallspĂ„se pĂ„ rulle) samt kompostpĂ„se (papper). En viktig del av en LCA-berĂ€kning Ă€r att sĂ€tta systemgrĂ€nser för vilka delar av livscykeln som berĂ€kningen ska tĂ€cka in. Detta beror i sin tur pĂ„ hur produkten anvĂ€nds. I denna studie har t. ex. inte tillverkningen av rĂ„vara och pĂ„se tagits med i berĂ€kningen för plastbĂ€rkassar p.g.a. att de frĂ€mst Ă€r tillverkade för att anvĂ€ndas till ett annat Ă€ndamĂ„l. För avfallspĂ„se pĂ„ rulle och kompostpĂ„se av papper inkluderas dĂ€remot denna tillverkning eftersom dessa pĂ„sar enbart Ă€r avsedda att anvĂ€ndas som matavfallsemballage. Resultaten visar att bĂ€rkassen av bio-baserad PE faller bĂ€st ut ur klimatsynpunkt eftersom utslĂ€ppet av koldioxid (CO2) vid förbrĂ€nning av bio-baserad PE Ă€r biogent och dĂ€rmed enligt praxis inte rĂ€knas som ett bidrag till antropogen klimatpĂ„verkan och dessutom exkluderas tillverkningen av rĂ„vara och pĂ„se. Det bör dock pĂ„pekas att valet av en bio-baserad PE bĂ€rkasse sĂ€llan Ă€r ett val man som konsument sjĂ€lv kan styra över eftersom tillgĂ„ngen regleras av butikernas val av material i pĂ„sar. Om man enbart jĂ€mför pĂ„sar som produceras för Ă€ndamĂ„let att samla in matavfall (dĂ€r âuppströms produktionâ inkluderas) Ă€r papperspĂ„se (kompostpĂ„se) bĂ€sta alternativet, och avfallspĂ„se pĂ„ rulle av fossil PE faller ut sĂ€mst ur klimatsynpunkt. Att kompostpĂ„se av papper Ă€r det mest gynnsamma alternativet, beror frĂ€mst pĂ„ att utslĂ€ppet av koldioxid (CO2) vid förbrĂ€nning av papper Ă€r biogent (analogt med fallet för bio-baserad PE). PĂ„verkan frĂ„n tillverkningen av rĂ„varan (papper) samt pĂ„stillverkningen Ă€r ocksĂ„ lĂ€gre för papperspĂ„sen. Under studien observerades dock att resultaten Ă€r mycket kĂ€nsliga för vissa osĂ€kra parametrar, t ex: antagande om volym av matavfall per pĂ„se, mĂ€ngder av producerad biogödsel och biogas samt biogödselkvalitet. KĂ€nslighetsanalyser visade att dessa parametrar kan pĂ„verka jĂ€mförelsen mellan pĂ„sarna och behöver dĂ€rmed studeras mer för att sĂ€kerstĂ€lla pĂ„litliga resultat.Matavfall anvĂ€nds ofta i Sverige för att producera biogödsel och biogas. Olika typer av matavfallsemballage (matavfallspĂ„sar) kan anvĂ€ndas för insamling av matavfall, t ex: plastpĂ„sar av polyeten (fossil- eller bio-baserade), pĂ„sar frĂ„n material baserade pĂ„ majs- eller potatisstĂ€rkelse, papperspĂ„sar. Alternativen har olika egenskaper och olika fördelar och nackdelar. I den hĂ€r studien gjordes en miljöutvĂ€rdering av olika typer av matavfallsemballage för insamling frĂ„n hushĂ„ll. Projektets syfte var att adressera frĂ„gestĂ€llningen hur matavfallsemballage av olika material pĂ„verkar klimatprestandan för insamling och rötning av matavfall
Life cycle assessment of closed loops for industrial plastic packaging
The project Closing the loop of industrial plastic aims to increase the circular use of materials from industrial plastic packaging through closed loop recycling. Within this project, a study has been made where the goal was to compare the climate change impact of four different scenarios for three case studies. The four main scenarios are Closed loop recycling, Closed and open loop recycling, Open loop recycling, and Incineration and the three case studies included in the study are Packaging made of expanded polystyrene (EPS), big bags made of polypropylene (PP) and film made of low-density polyethylene (LDPE). For all three case studies, the main conclusion is that the climate impact is lower for closed loop recycling than for all three alternatives mentioned above. Additionally, the study identifies the second-best option as a mix of Closed and open loop recycling, followed by Open loop recycling, and finally, Incineration
Life cycle assessment of closed loops for industrial plastic packaging
The project Closing the loop of industrial plastic aims to increase the circular use of materials from industrial plastic packaging through closed loop recycling. Within this project, a study has been made where the goal was to compare the climate change impact of four different scenarios for three case studies. The four main scenarios are Closed loop recycling, Closed and open loop recycling, Open loop recycling, and Incineration and the three case studies included in the study are Packaging made of expanded polystyrene (EPS), big bags made of polypropylene (PP) and film made of low-density polyethylene (LDPE). For all three case studies, the main conclusion is that the climate impact is lower for closed loop recycling than for all three alternatives mentioned above. Additionally, the study identifies the second-best option as a mix of Closed and open loop recycling, followed by Open loop recycling, and finally, Incineration