Interpreting Bivariate Regression Coefficients: Going Beyond The Average

Statistics, econometrics, investment analysis, and data analysis classes often review the calculation of several types of averages, including the arithmetic mean, geometric mean, harmonic mean, and various weighted averages.  This note shows how each of these can be computed using a basic regression framework.  By recognizing when a regression model is computing one of these averages, students can properly interpret these types of regressions.  Similarly, by seeing how these averages fit into a common framework, students can have a better understanding of the different calculations

Unions and Democracy: When Do Nonmembers Have Voting Rights?

La Salud Sexual y Reproductiva se define como “un estado general de bienestar físico, mental y social, y no de mera ausencia de enfermedades o dolencias” (Stampar,1946). Sobre las acciones hacia adolescentes, ha sido dilemático y conflictivo el trato en relación a la vivencia de la sexualidad y a los aspectos referidos a las decisiones de esta población. La Conferencia Internacional de Población y Desarrollo de Naciones Unidas aborda las necesidades de la población adolescente, y recomienda la implementación de servicios específicos resaltando el derecho de los y las adolescentes “a la intimidad, confidencialidad, el respeto y el consentimiento basado en una información correcta y respetuosa de los valores culturales y las creencias religiosas” (CIPD, 1994). En marzo de 2005, se crea en Uruguay el Programa Nacional de Salud Adolescente, con el objetivo de construir una política nacional de salud integral para la adolescencia, basada en principios de universalidad, equidad, accesibilidad, territorialidad y respeto por la diversidad. En el marco de estas acciones, se crean luego los “espacios adolescentes” los cuales se presentan como un espacio diferencial de atención y promoción de la salud con especial énfasis en el enfoque de derecho y género. Este estudio pretende evaluar el funcionamiento de una selección de espacios diferenciales destinados a adolescentes con el fin de contribuir a su desarrollo, expansión y fortalecimiento

Misleading Betas: An Educational Example

The dual-beta model is a generalization of the CAPM model. In the dual-beta model, separate beta estimates are provided for up-market and down-market days. This paper uses the historical “Anscombe quartet” results which illustrated how very different datasets can produce the same regression coefficients to motivate a discussion of the dual-beta model. Using data from 39 mutual funds, it is shown how very different dual-beta models can lead to the same CAPM beta estimates, much like the Anscombe quartet scenarios

Improved Margin Of Error Estimates For Proportions In Business: An Educational Example

This paper presents the Agresti & Coull “Adjusted Wald” method for computing confidence intervals and margins of error for common proportion estimates.  The presented method is easily implementable by business students and practitioners and provides more accurate estimates of proportions particularly in extreme samples and small sample situations.  The proposed method may have particular applications to focus group analysis, industry benchmarking, and destructive testing sampling.  The paper discusses a computational strategy and several comparison examples

Statistical Analysis Of A Class: Monte Carlo And Multiple Imputation Spreadsheet Methods For Estimation And Extrapolation

The Monte Carlo method and related multiple imputation methods are traditionally used in math, physics and science to estimate and analyze data and are now becoming standard tools in analyzing business and financial problems.  However, few sources explain the application of the Monte Carlo method for individuals and business professionals who are not immersed in the realm of mathematics or science.  This paper introduces these Monte Carlo methods for the non-mathematician and business student, providing examples where the Monte Carlo method is applied when only small samples are available.  Statistical analysis and statistically sound extrapolation of sample characteristics to the larger class population can be facilitated by applying Monte Carlo methods and the related concept of multiple imputation, which is also explained.  Appendices provide step-by-step instructions for using two popular spreadsheet add-ins to run Monte Carlo based analysis

The economic foundation of the United States Populist movement

Quantitative measures of farmers\u27 economic welfare are calculated in order to examine the motivation of the U.S. Populist movement in the late nineteenth century. In Chapter 2, using county-level Kansas data from 1882 to 1908, a measure of the percent loss of agricultural income from price uncertainty is provided. Comparing the loss measure from before Populism to its height, the median loss more than quadrupled. As the movement lost support, the median loss fell by one-half its previous value. In Chapter 3, a measure of farmers\u27 cash flow, the farmers\u27 surplus, is calculated for 1884 to 1908 for 77 counties in Nebraska. Using the farmers\u27 surplus measure, it is clear that farmers suffered from a squeeze in their cash flow during the Populist period. After the Populist period, their cash flow increased. In addition, for the same counties and years, the real value of farmers\u27 mortgage payments had there been no deflation is estimated. By comparing the real value of mortgage payments that farmers actually paid to the estimated values had there been no deflation, the cost of deflation to farmers during the Populist era can be evaluated. Deflation had only a small impact on farmers holding nominal interest rate mortgage contracts. In Chapter 4, county level data are used for Kansas and Nebraska to examine the 1892, 1896, and 1900 U.S. Presidential elections. Evidence is provided that the measures of economic well-being provided in Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 are correlated with Populist support

The economic foundation of the United States Populist movement

Quantitative measures of farmers\u27 economic welfare are calculated in order to examine the motivation of the U.S. Populist movement in the late nineteenth century. In Chapter 2, using county-level Kansas data from 1882 to 1908, a measure of the percent loss of agricultural income from price uncertainty is provided. Comparing the loss measure from before Populism to its height, the median loss more than quadrupled. As the movement lost support, the median loss fell by one-half its previous value. In Chapter 3, a measure of farmers\u27 cash flow, the farmers\u27 surplus, is calculated for 1884 to 1908 for 77 counties in Nebraska. Using the farmers\u27 surplus measure, it is clear that farmers suffered from a squeeze in their cash flow during the Populist period. After the Populist period, their cash flow increased. In addition, for the same counties and years, the real value of farmers\u27 mortgage payments had there been no deflation is estimated. By comparing the real value of mortgage payments that farmers actually paid to the estimated values had there been no deflation, the cost of deflation to farmers during the Populist era can be evaluated. Deflation had only a small impact on farmers holding nominal interest rate mortgage contracts. In Chapter 4, county level data are used for Kansas and Nebraska to examine the 1892, 1896, and 1900 U.S. Presidential elections. Evidence is provided that the measures of economic well-being provided in Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 are correlated with Populist support