Anatomy in the Third Reich: An outline, part 2. Bodies for anatomy and related medical disciplines

All anatomical departments of German universities used bodies of the executed and other victims of the National Socialist (NS) regime for their work. Many of these victims had been executed in prisons and were members of the German political opposition; others had perished in camps for prisoners of war or forced laborers and concentration camps, and were of various European and other descent. Anatomists generally welcomed the increased influx of “fresh material” for purposes of research and education of the growing numbers of medical students. No anatomist is known to have refused work with the bodies of NS victims. Other medical disciplines also made use of these bodies, among them were racial hygienists and neuropathologists. In the late 19th and early 20th century, the fields of anatomy, physical anthropology, and racial hygiene (eugenics) were closely related in their subject matter. Anatomists were involved in the biological foundation of racial hygiene, most prominently among them Eugen Fischer. The discipline was established as part of the medical curriculum after 1920. Racial hygiene became the scientific justification for NS policies that led to racial discrimination, involuntary sterilization and ultimately mass murder. Anatomists taught racial hygiene throughout the Third Reich and did research in this area. Some were actively involved in NS policies through propaganda and evaluations for the so-called Genetic Health Courts, whereas others became victims of their own science in that they were dismissed for racial reasons. 22:894–905, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/64313/1/20873_ftp.pd

Pressefreiheit unter Druck? Eine vergleichende Untersuchung der aktuellen Entwicklungen in Polen, Ungarn und Österreich

Das Recht der freien Presse stellt als Grundpfeiler in einer demokratischen Gesellschaft einen wesentlichen Bestandteil dar. In einem solchen System, in welchem dem Volk am staatlichen Geschehen die Möglichkeit zur Teilhabe geboten wird, ist die Presse mitunter frei auch von jeglicher Zensur. In Diktaturen oder autokratischen Systemen hingegen wird die Presse als verlängerter Arm der staatlichen Akteure verwendet, um als Sprachrohr für die eigene politische Machtdemonstration zu dienen und hierbei oftmals nicht nur Meinungen, sondern auch Fakten zu zensieren. Schnell zeigt sich, dass diese Freiheit zwar einen enorm hohen Stellenwert hat, aber nicht überall die gleiche Behandlung findet. In dieser Arbeit wird eine vergleichende Untersuchung zwischen drei europäischen Ländern Polen, Ungarn und Österreich hinsichtlich der aktuellen nationalen Entwicklungen vorgenommen. Das Augenmerk wird hierbei auf die jeweiligen staatlichen Umgänge mit dem Recht der Pressefreiheit gelegt und mitunter auf das fragliche Agieren der einzelnen nationalen Regierung eingegangen. Es gilt zu klären, welche konkreten Handlungen unternommen wurden und wie es zu diesen Entwicklungen überhaupt kam. Im Zentrum steht daher die Frage: Wie stark steht die Pressefreiheit in diesen Ländern tatsächlich unter Druck?The right of the free press is a main cornerstone in a democratic society. In such a system, in which people have the opportunity to participate in state events, the press is basically free - also from any censorship. In dictatorships or autocratic systems, on the other hand, the press is used as an extended arm of state actors to serve as a mouthpiece for their own political demonstration of power, whereby sometimes governments censor not only opinions, but also facts. It follows from the above, that this freedom is extremely important, but is not treated the same universally. In this work, a comparative analysis between three European countries - Poland, Hungary and Austria - with regard to the current national developments is made. The particular attention is focused on the current national dealings with the right of the freedom of the press and on the questionable behavior of the individual government. It is important to clarify which specific actions have been taken and how these developments took place. The central question is: How intense is the pressure on the freedom of the press in these countries?Arbeit an der Bibliothek noch nicht eingelangt - Daten nicht geprüftAbweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der VerfasserinKarl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Diplomarbeit, 2020(VLID)491986