Narrative Review: Optimasi Etanol sebagai Pelarut Senyawa Flavonoid dan Fenolik

The use of ethanol as a solvent for secondary metabolite compounds is very widespread. Ethanol can dissolve flavonoid compounds and phenolic compounds from plants. To be able to utilize ethanol as a solvent is dependent on some factors of concentration, temperature, time, and selection of extraction methods. This study uses the method by searching scientific articles from the MDPI website database. The Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) method is very suitable for the optimization of ethanol as a solvent. The optimal use of ethanol is in the concentration range of 50-80%, temperature conditions in the range of 40-70ºC, and the extraction time is in the range of 30 minutes - 24 hours

Uji Kuantitatif Flavonoid Total dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Daun Kacapiring (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis)

Kacapiring plant (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) from the Rubiaceae is one of plants of the Gardenia genus that can be used for treatment. Empirically, peoples of Baruh Bahinu Dalam Balangan village use Kacapiring leaves (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) to reduce high blood sugar levels by drinking boiled water.  Kacapiring leaves (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) contain flavonoid. The presence of flavonoids may indicate that Kacapiring leaf extract (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) has potential as antioxidant because it has a conjugated aromatic group (benzene) which is able to donate one hydrogen atom to free radicals that can cause adverse effect on the body. This is what underlies the research on total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of Kacapiring leaf extract (Gardenia jasminoides ellis. The purpose of this study was to determine total flavonoid content dan antioxidant  activity of Kacapiring Leaf Extract (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis). This study used quantitative analysis using UV-Vis spechtrophotometry. Result of the measurement of the flavonoid content of the extract was 5,984 mg QE/g extract and the antioxidant activity test showed that Kacapiring leaf extract (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) had very strong antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 8,48 ppm. The conclusion is the total flavonoid content of Kacapiring Leaf extract (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) is 5,984 mg QE/g extract  and has very strong antioxidant activity. ABSTRAKTanaman Kacapiring (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) dari suku Rubiaceae adalah salah satu tanaman genus Gardenia yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk pengobatan. Secara empiris, masyarakat desa Baruh Bahinu Dalam, Balangan menggunakan daun Kacapiring (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) untuk menurunkan kadar gula darah yang tinggi dengan meminum air rebusannya. Daun kacapiring (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) mengandung flavonoid. Adanya kandungan flavonoid dapat mengindikasikan bahwa ekstrak daun kacapiring (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) berpotensi sebagai antioksidan karena memiliki gugus aromatis terkonjugasi (benzen) yang mampu mendonorkan satu atom hidrogen pada radikal bebas yang dapat menyebabkan efek buruk pada tubuh. Hal tersebut yang mendasari dilakukannya penelitian tentang kadar flavonoid total dan aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak daun Kacapiring (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kadar flavonoid total dan aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak daun Kacapiring (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis). Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis kuantitatif menggunakan spektrofotometri UV-Vis. Hasil penelitian pada pengukuran kadar flavonoid total ekstrak sebesar 5,984 mg QE/g ekstrak dan pada pengujian aktivitas antioksidan menunjukkan ekstrak daun Kacapiring (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang sangat kuat dengan nilai IC50 8,48 ppm. Simpulannya yaitu Kadar flavonoid total ekstrak daun Kacapiring (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) sebesar 5,984 mg QE/g ekstrak dan mempunyai aktivitas antioksidan sangat kuat

Uji Kuantitatif Flavonoid Total dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Daun Kacapiring (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis)

Kacapiring plant (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) from the Rubiaceae is one of plants of the Gardenia genus that can be used for treatment. Empirically, peoples of Baruh Bahinu Dalam Balangan village use Kacapiring leaves (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) to reduce high blood sugar levels by drinking boiled water.  Kacapiring leaves (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) contain flavonoid. The presence of flavonoids may indicate that Kacapiring leaf extract (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) has potential as antioxidant because it has a conjugated aromatic group (benzene) which is able to donate one hydrogen atom to free radicals that can cause adverse effect on the body. This is what underlies the research on total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of Kacapiring leaf extract (Gardenia jasminoides ellis. The purpose of this study was to determine total flavonoid content dan antioxidant  activity of Kacapiring Leaf Extract (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis). This study used quantitative analysis using UV-Vis spechtrophotometry. Result of the measurement of the flavonoid content of the extract was 5,984 mg QE/g extract and the antioxidant activity test showed that Kacapiring leaf extract (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) had very strong antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 8,48 ppm. The conclusion is the total flavonoid content of Kacapiring Leaf extract (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) is 5,984 mg QE/g extract  and has very strong antioxidant activity. ABSTRAKTanaman Kacapiring (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) dari suku Rubiaceae adalah salah satu tanaman genus Gardenia yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk pengobatan. Secara empiris, masyarakat desa Baruh Bahinu Dalam, Balangan menggunakan daun Kacapiring (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) untuk menurunkan kadar gula darah yang tinggi dengan meminum air rebusannya. Daun kacapiring (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) mengandung flavonoid. Adanya kandungan flavonoid dapat mengindikasikan bahwa ekstrak daun kacapiring (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) berpotensi sebagai antioksidan karena memiliki gugus aromatis terkonjugasi (benzen) yang mampu mendonorkan satu atom hidrogen pada radikal bebas yang dapat menyebabkan efek buruk pada tubuh. Hal tersebut yang mendasari dilakukannya penelitian tentang kadar flavonoid total dan aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak daun Kacapiring (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kadar flavonoid total dan aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak daun Kacapiring (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis). Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis kuantitatif menggunakan spektrofotometri UV-Vis. Hasil penelitian pada pengukuran kadar flavonoid total ekstrak sebesar 5,984 mg QE/g ekstrak dan pada pengujian aktivitas antioksidan menunjukkan ekstrak daun Kacapiring (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang sangat kuat dengan nilai IC50 8,48 ppm. Simpulannya yaitu Kadar flavonoid total ekstrak daun Kacapiring (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) sebesar 5,984 mg QE/g ekstrak dan mempunyai aktivitas antioksidan sangat kuat

Narrative Review: Implementasi Distribusi Obat yang Baik di Pedagang Besar Farmasi

Distribution of pharmaceutical products from the pharmaceutical industry before reaching the pharmacy service point must be through wholesale. Good distribution practice methods are a set of standardized routine working methods, which ensure the quality, safety, and efficacy of pharmaceutical products remain intact from the very beginning to the end of the expiration period. Good distribution practice methods must be implemented by all wholesale in Indonesia so that wholesale operations can run effectively and efficiently. All pharmaceutical wholesalers must have standard operating procedures, personnel with integrity, and a good documentation system

Penetapan Kadar Flavonoid Total Dari Fraksi n-Heksana Ekstrak Daun Gelinggang dengan Metode Spektrofotometri UV-Vis

Indonesia memiliki kekayaan alam yang berlimpah, yang dimanfaatkan sebagai obat tradisional untuk masyarakat. Daun Gelinggang (Senna alata L) memiliki aktivitas antijamur berdasarkan senyawa metabolit sekunder berupa flavonoid, saponin, tanin steroid, alkaloid yang diharapkan dapat menjadi alternativ lain dalam pengobatan antijamur. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis kadar flavonoid total dari fraksi Daun Gelinggang dengan metode spektrofotometri UV-Vis. Penelitian ini menggunakan Analisis kualitatif mengidentifikasi senyawa flavonoid sedangkan analisis kuantitatif untuk menentukan kadar flavonoid menggunakan spektrofotometri uv-vis yang akan diperoleh nilai dari absorbansi dimasukkan ke dalam persamaan regresi linear yaitu y = bx + a yang diperoleh dari kurva kalibrasi perbandingan dan hasil dinyatakan dalam satuan mg/gram dan persen. Hasil penelitian dari identifikasi uji warna shinoda pada ekstrak daun gelinggang positif mengandung flavonoid yang berwarna hijau lumut dan penetapan kadar flavonoid total dari daun gelinggang sebesar 2,563%. Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa fraksi n-heksana memiliki kadar flavonoid sebesar 2,563%. Determination of Total Flavonoid Content of the n-Hexane Fraction of Gelinggang Leaf Extract by UV-Vis Spectrophotometric Method Abstract: Indonesia has abundant natural resources, which are used as traditional medicine for the community. Gelinggang leaf (Senna alata L) have antifungal activity based on secondary metabolites in the form of flavonoids, saponins, steroid tannins, and alkaloids which are expected to be other alternatives in antifungal treatment. The research objective is to analyze the total flavonoid content of the Gelinggang Leaf fraction using the UV-Vis spectrophotometry method. This study used qualitative analysis to identify flavonoid compounds and quantitative analysis to determine flavonoid levels using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The absorbance value obtained is entered into the linear regression equation, namely y = bx + a from the comparison calibration curve and the results are expressed in units of mg/gram and percent. The results of the identification of the Shinoda color test on Gelinggang leaf extract were positive for moss-green flavonoids and the determination of the total flavonoid content of Gelinggang leaf was 2.563%. From this study, it can be concluded that the n-hexane fraction has a flavonoid content of 2.563%. Keywords: Gelinggang Leaf, N-hexane Fraction, Total Flavonoid Content, UV-VIS Spectrophotometry Method

Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Sambung Nyawa (Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr.) terhadap Bakteri Escherichia coli ATTC 25922 : Antibacterial Activity Test of Sambung Nyawa (Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr.) Leaf Extract Against Escherichia coli ATTC 25922

Diarrhea is a disease that contributes to the highest death rate in Indonesia. The number of diarrhea cases recorded in Indonesia in 2021 was 7.3 million cases. The most common cause of diarrhea is Escherichia coli bacteria. Based on previous studies, one of the traditional medicines that can treat diarrhea is sambung nyawa leaf (Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr.) which have various secondary metabolite compounds that can kill bacteria. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of sambung nyawa leaf against Escherichia coli ATTC 25922. The method used for extracting sambung nyawa leaf was using ultrasonic methods. Antibacterial activity testing used the well-diffusion method and the determination of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the determination of the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) by the dilution method. Test results data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis Test. The results of this research show that sambung nyawa leaf have antibacterial activity through well-diffusion testing with an average inhibition zone at a concentration of 100% of 18.215 mm, a concentration of 75% of 16.02 mm, a concentration of 50% of 14.445 mm, a concentration of 25% of 13.33 mmm. In the MIC test, the minimum inhibition ability was obtained at a concentration of 50%. The results of the Kruskall-Wallis test in the three tests showed that there were significant differences in each treatment group. The conclusion of this research is that sambung nyawa leaf have antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli ATTC 25922 with a MIC value at a concentration of 50%, but no MBC has been found against Escherichia coli ATTC 25922.   ABSTRAK Diare menjadi penyakit yang menyumbangkan angka kematian tertinggi di indonesia. Jumlah kasus diare yang tercatat di Indonesia pada tahun 2021 sebanyak 7,3 juta kasus. Bakteri penyebab diare terbanyak adalah bakteri Escherichia coli. Salah satu obat tradisional yang dapat mengobati diare adalah daun sambung nyawa (Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr.) yang memiliki berbagai senyawa metabolit sekunder yang bisa membunuh bakteri berdasarkan penelitian terdahulu. Tujuan dari penelitian untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri daun sambung nyawa terhadap Escherichia coli ATTC 25922. Metode yang digunakan untuk ekstraksi daun sambung nyawa  menggunakan metode utrasonik. Pengujian aktivitas antibakteri menggunakan metode difusi sumuran dan penentuan Konsentrasi Hambat Minimum (KHM) dan penentuan Konsentrasi Bunuh Minimun (KBM) dengan metode dilusi. Data hasil uji dianalsisis menggunakan Kruskal-Wallis Test. Hasil dari penelitian daun sambung nyawa memiliki aktivitas antibakteri melalui pengujian difusi sumuran dengan rata-rata zona hambat pada konsentrasi 100% sebesar 18,215 mm, konsentrasi 75% sebesar 16,02 mm, konsentrasi 50% sebesar 14,445 mm, konsentrasi 25% sebesar 13,33 mm. Pada uji KHM didapatkan kemampuan daya hambat minimum pada konsentrasi 50%. Hasil uji Kruskall-Wallis pada ketiga uji meunjukkan terdapat perbedaan nyata pada masing-masing kelompok perlakuan. Simpulan dari penelitian ini daun sambung nyawa memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Escherichia coli ATTC 25922 dengan nilai KHM pada konsentrasi 50%, namun belum ditemukan KBM terhadap Escherichia coli ATTC 25922

Interaksi Farmakokinetika Kombinasi Captopril Dengan Rebusan Daun Sirsak (Annona Muricata L.) Pada Tikus Putih Jantan (Rattus Norvegicus) Galur Wistar

Hypertension is a disease that cannot be cured, but can only be controlled, therefore hypertensive patients must get the treatment for the rest of their life. Currently, the treatment pattern of the community has started to return to using natural ingredients as a therapeutic alternative. The community considers the use of herbal medicines is safe, but actually when the herbal medicines is taken together with synthetic medicines, there are interaction potential that should be monitored. The purpose of this study was to analyze the Pharmacokinetic Interaction of Captopril Combination with Soursop Leaf Decoction. This study was an advanced experimental study with a random block design. The group of test animals was divided into three groups, namely the captopril group, the combination group of captopril and soursop leaf decoction at the same time, and the combination group of captopril and soursop leaf decoction with an consumption interval of 2 hours. The results of the descriptive analysis showed that there were differences in the pharmacokinetic profile of each group. Combination with captopril with soursop leaf decoction is able to increase captopril levels in blood plasma and increase the elimination rate of captopril. However, the statistical analysis showed there is no significant difference.Hipertensi merupakan penyakit yang tidak dapat disembuhkan, tetapi hanya bisa dikontrol, sehingga pasien yang menderita hipertensi harus mengkonsumsi obat seumur hidup. Saat ini pola pengobatan masyarakat sudah mulai kembali menggunakan bahan alam sebagai pilihan terapi. Masyarakat menilai penggunaan obat herbal aman untuk dikonsumsi, tetapi sebenarnya obat herbal jika dikonsumsi dengan obat konvensional masih memiliki potensi terjadinya interaksi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis Interaksi Farmakokinetika Kombinasi Captopril dengan Rebusan Daun Sirsak. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental tingkat lanjut dengan desain blok random. Kelompok hewan uji dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok, yaitu kelompok captopril, kelompok kombinasi captopril dan rebusan daun sirsak secara bersamaan, dan kelompok kombinasi captopril dan rebusan daun sirsak yang diberikan dengan jeda waktu 2 jam. Hasil analisis deskriptif menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan profil farmakokinetika pada setiap kelompok. Kombinasi dengan kaptopril dengan rebusan daun sirsak dapat meningkatkan kadar kaptopril di dalam plasma darah dan meningkatkan laju eliminasi dari captopril. Hasil analisis statistik dengan SPPS tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan

Potensi Antimikroba Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Luar Buah Cempedak (Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr.)

The background of this research is to develop the potential of biological resources in South Kalimantan. In particular, the biological source is cempedak fruit. The use of cempedak which has been scientifically studied is the use of cempedak bark as anti-malaria. Other studies related to other parts of cempedak are still not widely used. Based on the potential possessed by cempedak bark, it is likely that other parts of cempedak also have potential as traditional medicine. This study aims to identify the content of secondary metabolites from the outer skin of cempedak fruit, analyze the potential of the outer skin of cempedak fruit as an antimicrobial and analyze the effective dose as an antimicrobial. The method used to see MIC values with liquid dilution and KBM values with solid dilution. The results of phytochemical identification showed that the ethanol extract of the outer skin of cempedak fruit contained secondary metabolites in the form of saponins, tannins, flavonoids and alkaloids which have antimicrobial potential. The results of the antimicrobial activity test showed the MIC value of the ethanol extract of cempedak fruit outer skin against Escherichia coli bacteria at a concentration of 50% and against Staphylococcus aureus at a concentration of 25%. The KBM value also shows the same value as KHM. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of cempedak fruit outer skin has broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity

Pengaruh Metode Ekstraksi terhadap Kadar Alkaloid Total Ekstrak Daun Kirinyuh (Chromolaena odorata): Determination of Total Alkaloid Content of Kirinyuh Leaf Extract (Chromolaena odorata) Based on Different Extraction Methods

Kirinyuh leave (Chromolaena odorata) was used by the community as a potential plant because it contains many benefits, one of which contains alkaloid compounds. Alkaloids have the ability to help wound healing because the active compounds of the alkaloids have antioxidant activity, so the enhanced wound healing by kirinyuh leaf can be caused by the action of free radicals in increasing levels of antioxidant enzymes. The aim of the study was to determine the total alkaloid content of kirinyuh leaf  leaf extract in each of the extraction methods to be used. In this study, a different extraction method will be used, namely maceration and ultrasonic with ethanol solvent which will be carried out using the UV-Vis spectrophotometry method. The results of measuring the total alkaloid content in each method were the maceration and ultrasonic method consecutive at 8.259% and 5.938%. The conclusion from the research is that the alkaloid content is higher with the maceration method than with the ultrasonic method.   ABSTRAK Daun kirinyuh (Chromolaena odorata) digunakan oleh masyarakat sebagai tanaman yang potensial karena memiliki kandungan yang banyak memberikan manfaat salah satunya mengandung senyawa alkaloid. Alkaloid memiliki kemampuan dalam membantu penyembuhan luka. Senyawa aktif alkaloid memiliki aktivitas sebagai antioksidan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis pengaruh metode ekstraksi terhadap kadar alkaloid total ekstrak daun kirinyuh. Pada penelitian ini menggunakan metode ekstraksi yang berbeda yakni maserasi dan ultrasonik dengan pelarut etanol 96%, kemudian dilakukan analisis kuantitatif alkaloid dengan menggunakan spektrofotometri UV-Vis. Hasil dari analisis kuantitatif alkaloid total pada metode maserasi dan metode ultrasonik berturut-turut adalah sebesar 8,259% dan 5,938%. Simpulan dari penelitian diketahui bahwa kadar alkaloid lebih tinggi dengan metode maserasi dibandingkan metode ultrasonik

Analisis Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Kepatuhan Pasien di Kabupaten Banjar

Hypertension is still the most common disease in the world. South Kalimantan Province in 2018 became the province with the highest number of hypertension sufferers in Indonesia. Hypertensive patients will undergo hypertension therapy for the rest of their lives so that blood pressure can still be well controlled. Lifelong therapy can reduce patient compliance in taking hypertension drugs; this can result in failed therapeutic goals and lead to the emergence of other diseases such as myocardial infarction and others. The purpose of this study was to analyze sociodemographic factors and clinical factors that may be related to patient compliance in taking hypertension drugs in Banjar Regency. The results showed that the majority of respondents had low compliance in consuming hypertension drugs. The analysis showed that sociodemographic factors such as gender, age, occupation, and place of getting the drug and clinical factors in the form of drugs used and blood pressure control did not show a significant relationship. The education factor shows a p-value < 0.05, which indicates the education factor has a significant relationship