Anadolu Çoban Köpeklerinde (Canis familiaris) Siliyer Cisim ve İridokorneal Açı Üzerine Morfolojik Bir Çalışma]

This study was carried out to determine morphological structures of Anatolian Shepherd dog eye to compare with other animals. This important sensory organ from five adult male dogs were investigated by light microscopic and scanning electron microscopic analyses. Anatolian Shepherd dog cornea is about 435 (center) to 501 (periphery) mu m thick. The dense pigmentation observed in the anterior and posterior iridal epithelium. The ciliary cleft of the iridocorneal angle was not large and well-developed. The ciliary processes, another component of the ciliary body, formed the conspicuous bundles. In conclusion, it is considered that the description of the morphological properties of both the iridocorneal region and the ciliary body would contribute to the interpretation of the functional correlation, thus to future experimental studies to be conducted in this field

The distrubution of immune system cells in bursa of Fabricius of partridge (Alectoris chukar).

Amaç: Kanatlılara özgü olan bursa Fabricius kendi foliküler yapısı içerisinde B lenfosit progenitörlerinin çoğaltılması ve farklılaşmasından sorumlu primer lenfoid organdır. Fonksiyonel B lenfositleri oluşturma sürecinde hücreler majör doku uyum kompleksi (MHC), adezyon molekülleri ve antijenleri tanımak için gerekli reseptör özelliklerini bu organda kazanırlar. Bu çalışmanın amacı, keklik bursa Fabricius'unda CD8, CD68, MHC-I ve II pozitif hücrelerinin lokalizasyonları ve dağılımlarını belirlemektir.Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu çalışmada 10 adet erişkin kınalı kekliğin (5 erkek ve 5 dişi) bursa Fabricius'unda bazı immun hücre lokalizasyonları immünohistokimyasal yöntemler kullanarak ışık mikroskobu düzeyinde incelendi.Bulgular: CD8, CD68, MHC-I ve II pozitif hücrelerin genel olarak lamina propriada ve lenf foliküllerinin korteks ve medullasında lokalize olduğu ortaya kondu. Buna karşın kas katmanında immunoreaktiviteye rastlanmadı.Öneri: İmmun yanıtta rol oynayan bu faktör ekspresyonları- nın kanatlı türlerinde yapılacak immunolojik çalışmalar için katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.Akbalik ME, Erdogan S, Saruhan BG, Sagsoz H. The distrubution of immune system cells in bursa of Fabricius of partridge (Alectoris chukar). Aim: The bursa of Fabricius is a primary lymphoid organ restricted to birds that is responsible for the proliferation and differentiation of B lymphocyte precursors within its follicular structure. In the process of creating a functional B lymphocyte, the cells acquire the necessary receptor property to recognize the antigen, major histocompatibility complex and adhesion molecules in this organ. The purpose of this study is to determine the localization and distribution of CD8, CD68, MHC-I and II-positive cells in bursa of Fabricius of partridge. Materials and Methods: In this study, some immune cells localization in bursa of Fabricius of 10 adult chukar partridge (5 male and 5 female) were examined on the level of light microscope by using immunohistochemical methods.Results: It was revealed that in general CD8, CD68, MHC-I and II-positive cells were localized in lamina propria and cortex and medulla of lymph follicles. In contrast, no immunoreactivity was observed in the muscle layer.Conclusion: The expression of these factors playing a role in immune response is thought to provide contribution for immunological studies in avian specie

The immunolocalization of cadherins and beta-catenin in the cervix and vagina of cycling cows

© 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.The adherens junctions (AJs) maintain the epithelial cell layers' structural integrity and barrier function. AJs also play a vital role in various biological and pathological processes. AJs perform these functions through the cadherin-catenin adhesion complex. This study investigated the presence, cell-specific localization, and temporal distribution of AJ components such as classical type I cadherins and beta-catenin in the cow cervix and vagina during the estrous cycle. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis results demonstrated that beta-catenin and epithelial (E)-, neural (N)-, and placental (P)-cadherins are expressed in the cow cervix and vagina during the estrous cycle. These adhesion molecules were localized in the membrane and cytoplasm of the ciliated and non-ciliated cervical cells and the stratified vaginal epithelial cells. Positive immunostaining for P-, N-cadherin, and beta-catenin was also observed in the vascular endothelial cells of the cervical and vaginal stroma. Quantitative immunohistochemistry examinations revealed that in the cervical and vaginal epithelia, P-cadherin's optical density values (ODv) were the highest; in contrast, the N-cadherin ODv were the lowest. The ODv of P-cadherin and beta-catenin in the cervical epithelium and E-cadherin in the vagina were significantly higher in the luteal phase versus the follicular phase of the estrous cycle. Furthermore, the ODv of P-cadherin, N-cadherin, and beta-catenin in the cervix's central and peripheral epithelial regions were different during the estrous cycle. These findings indicate that classical cadherins and beta-catenin in the cervix and vagina exhibit cell- and tissue-specific expression patterns under the influence of estrogen and progesterone hormones during the estrous cycle

Tavşanlarda Tarantula Cubensis Ekstraktı ve Düşük Enerjili Lazer Uygulanan Deneysel Kemik Defektlerinin İyilesmesinde Osteonektin ve Ostekalsinin Etkilerinin Araştırılması

Kemik dokunun yeniden şekillenmesi, döngüsel ve uzun bir süreç olarak tanımlanır. Bu dinamiklerin sadece biyolojik bir süreç tarafındantetiklenmediği, aynı zamanda biyokimyasal, elektriksel ve mekanik uyaranların kemik dokusunun devamlılığının sağlanmasında anahtarfaktörler olduğu kabul edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Düşük Enerjili Lazer (DEL) ve T. Cubensis Ekstraktı (TCE) uygulamalarının kemikonarımını destekleyebileceği hipotezinden yola çıkarak, kemik iyileşmesi ve mineralizasyonun belirteçlerinden olan Osteokalsin (OC) veOsteonektin (ON) ekspresyon yoğunlukları üzerindeki etkilerinin ortaya koyulması amaçlandı. Çalışmada Dicle Üniversitesi DeneyHayvanları Ünitesinden temin edilen toplam 54 adet 6-8 aylık Yeni Zelanda ırkı erkek tavşan (2.5-3 kg) kullanıldı. Tavşanlar operasyonsonrası her bir grupta 18 adet olacak şekilde 3 ana uygulama grubuna ayrıldı. Operasyon sonrası DEL ve TCE kemik defekti oluşturulanbölgeye uygulandı. Tavşanlarda defekt oluşturulan kemik dokudan elde edilen kesitlerde OC ve ON’nin defekt bölgesindekilokalizasyonlarını ve ekpresyonlarını belirlemek için immunohistokimyasal yöntem uygulandı. Kortikal ve spongiyöz kemiklerde sekonderkemik oluşumuna paralel olarak OC ve ON ekspresyonlarının değişkenlik gösterdiği belirlendi. OC ekspresyonunun DEL ve TCE gruplarında,kontrol grubuna göre daha yüksek olduğu saptandı. Kontrol grubunda 7, 21 ve 28 günlerde ON ekspresyonlarının nispeten zayıf ve benzerolduğu, buna karşın DEL ve TCE gruplarında uygulamaların 7. ve 21. günlerde ON ekspresyonun nispeten zayıf, 28. günde ise ONekspresyonun yüksek olduğu dikkati çekti. Sonuç olarak, tavşan kemik defekti modelinde düşük enerjili lazer ve t. cubensis uygulamalarınınkemik iyileşmesi sırasında OC ve ON ekspresyonlarını artırdığı ve uygulama günlerine göre OC ve ON ekspresyonlarındaki kademeli artışınerken kemik iyileşmesinin desteklenmesinde önemli potansiyellere sahip olabileceğini göstermiştir.The remodeling of bone tissue is characterized as a cyclic and lengthy process. It is accepted that these dynamics are not triggered by a biological process, but also that biochemical, electrical and mechanical stimuli are key factors in maintaining the continuity of bone tissue. In this study, we aimed to demonstrate the effects of low-level laser (DEL) and T. cubensis extract (TCE) applications on the expression intensities of Osteocalcin (OC) and Osteonectin (ON), which are markers of bone healing and mineralization, based on the hypothesis that they can support bone repair. A total of 54 6-8-month-old male rabbits (2.5-3 kg) obtained from Dicle University Experimental Animal Unit were used in the study. The rabbits were divided into 3 main treatment groups, 18 in each group after the operation. After the operation, DEL and TCE were applied to the area where the bone defect was created. An immunohistochemically method was applied to determine the localizations and expressions of OC and ON in the defect area in the sections obtained from the defected bone tissue in rabbits. It was determined that OC and ON expressions varied in parallel with secondary bone formation in cortical and cancellous bones. OC expression was found to be higher in DEL and TCE groups than control group. It was noticed that ON expressions were relatively weak and similar on days 7, 21 and 28 in the control group, whereas in DEL and TCE groups, ON expression was relatively weak on the 7th and 21st days and ON expression was high on the 28th day. In conclusion, it has been shown that low level laser and T. Cubensis application increase OC and ON expressions during bone healing in the rabbit bone defect model and gradual increase in OC and ON expressions according to the application days may have important potentials in supporting early bone healing

Papillary Architecture and Functional Characterization of Mucosubstances in the Sheep Tongue

This research aimed to reveal the general morphology and topographic distribution of lingual papillae, epithelial characteristics, mucosal structure, and glands with their mucin content in the sheep tongue, with consideration of species-specific characteristics. The tongues of ten sheep were analyzed for this purpose. Filiform and fungiform papillae existed within the borders of the ventral surface of the lingual apex. The majority of the filiform papillae had multiple secondary projections. Fungi form papillae were also seen on the lingual torus among lenticular papillae, as well as 6 to 10 circumvallate papillae arranged on its caudal border. The speciesspecific details of the general anatomical structure of the tongue were determined and, in general, the papillary organization in the sheep was similar to goats, while the papillary organization also was similar to features with deer species, specifically the filiform papilla from the mechanical papillae and fungiform papilla from the gustatory papillae. Neutral and weak sulfated mucins and N-acetyl sialomucins were located in seromucous glands, salivary duct epithelium and von Ebner's glands. Carboxylated acid mucins and N-acetyl sialomucins were not present in seromucous and von Ebner's glands. In seromucous glands, MUC1, MUC5AC, and MUC6 localized only in epithelial cells of ducts, whereas MUC2 localized in both glandular and ductal epithelial cells. All MUCs were present in both von Ebner's glands and salivary ducts. We showed that this mucin composition, may serve as a physical barrier in the initial section of the digestive system. (C) 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Scientific Research Council of Namik Kemal UniversityNamik Kemal University [NKUBAP.00.23.AR.14.07]Grant sponsor: Scientific Research Council of Namik Kemal University; Grant number: NKUBAP.00.23.AR.14.07

Tavşanlarda Tarantula Cubensis Ekstraktı ve Düşük Enerjili Lazer Uygulanan Deneysel Kemik Defektlerinin İyilesmesinde Osteonektin ve Ostekalsinin Etkilerinin Araştırılması

Kemik dokunun yeniden şekillenmesi, döngüsel ve uzun bir süreç olarak tanımlanır. Bu dinamiklerin sadece biyolojik bir süreç tarafındantetiklenmediği, aynı zamanda biyokimyasal, elektriksel ve mekanik uyaranların kemik dokusunun devamlılığının sağlanmasında anahtarfaktörler olduğu kabul edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Düşük Enerjili Lazer (DEL) ve T. Cubensis Ekstraktı (TCE) uygulamalarının kemikonarımını destekleyebileceği hipotezinden yola çıkarak, kemik iyileşmesi ve mineralizasyonun belirteçlerinden olan Osteokalsin (OC) veOsteonektin (ON) ekspresyon yoğunlukları üzerindeki etkilerinin ortaya koyulması amaçlandı. Çalışmada Dicle Üniversitesi DeneyHayvanları Ünitesinden temin edilen toplam 54 adet 6-8 aylık Yeni Zelanda ırkı erkek tavşan (2.5-3 kg) kullanıldı. Tavşanlar operasyonsonrası her bir grupta 18 adet olacak şekilde 3 ana uygulama grubuna ayrıldı. Operasyon sonrası DEL ve TCE kemik defekti oluşturulanbölgeye uygulandı. Tavşanlarda defekt oluşturulan kemik dokudan elde edilen kesitlerde OC ve ON’nin defekt bölgesindekilokalizasyonlarını ve ekpresyonlarını belirlemek için immunohistokimyasal yöntem uygulandı. Kortikal ve spongiyöz kemiklerde sekonderkemik oluşumuna paralel olarak OC ve ON ekspresyonlarının değişkenlik gösterdiği belirlendi. OC ekspresyonunun DEL ve TCE gruplarında,kontrol grubuna göre daha yüksek olduğu saptandı. Kontrol grubunda 7, 21 ve 28 günlerde ON ekspresyonlarının nispeten zayıf ve benzerolduğu, buna karşın DEL ve TCE gruplarında uygulamaların 7. ve 21. günlerde ON ekspresyonun nispeten zayıf, 28. günde ise ONekspresyonun yüksek olduğu dikkati çekti. Sonuç olarak, tavşan kemik defekti modelinde düşük enerjili lazer ve t. cubensis uygulamalarınınkemik iyileşmesi sırasında OC ve ON ekspresyonlarını artırdığı ve uygulama günlerine göre OC ve ON ekspresyonlarındaki kademeli artışınerken kemik iyileşmesinin desteklenmesinde önemli potansiyellere sahip olabileceğini göstermiştir.The remodeling of bone tissue is characterized as a cyclic and lengthy process. It is accepted that these dynamics are not triggered by a biological process, but also that biochemical, electrical and mechanical stimuli are key factors in maintaining the continuity of bone tissue. In this study, we aimed to demonstrate the effects of low-level laser (DEL) and T. cubensis extract (TCE) applications on the expression intensities of Osteocalcin (OC) and Osteonectin (ON), which are markers of bone healing and mineralization, based on the hypothesis that they can support bone repair. A total of 54 6-8-month-old male rabbits (2.5-3 kg) obtained from Dicle University Experimental Animal Unit were used in the study. The rabbits were divided into 3 main treatment groups, 18 in each group after the operation. After the operation, DEL and TCE were applied to the area where the bone defect was created. An immunohistochemically method was applied to determine the localizations and expressions of OC and ON in the defect area in the sections obtained from the defected bone tissue in rabbits. It was determined that OC and ON expressions varied in parallel with secondary bone formation in cortical and cancellous bones. OC expression was found to be higher in DEL and TCE groups than control group. It was noticed that ON expressions were relatively weak and similar on days 7, 21 and 28 in the control group, whereas in DEL and TCE groups, ON expression was relatively weak on the 7th and 21st days and ON expression was high on the 28th day. In conclusion, it has been shown that low level laser and T. Cubensis application increase OC and ON expressions during bone healing in the rabbit bone defect model and gradual increase in OC and ON expressions according to the application days may have important potentials in supporting early bone healing

Are Epidermal Growth Factor Receptors and Ligands expressed in the Spleen of the Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) during the Post-hatching Period?

Introduction: The Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) family(ErbBl, ErbB2, ErbB3, ErbB4 receptors and their ligandssuch as EGF, neuregulin and amphiregulin) plays anim portant role in the development of several organs(Ejskjaer K, et al. 2005: Mol. Hum. Reprod. 11, 543-551).The avian spleen is a principal organ of systemic im m unityand its importance in disease resistance is presumablyaccentuated by the scarcity of avian lymph nodes(John JL. 1994: Q. Rev. Biol. 69, 327-351). The aim ofthis study was to determine whether ErbB receptors andtheir ligands are expressed in the structural component ofthe quail spleen during the post-hatching period.Methods: Five quails each, aged 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, and60 days, were euthanized under ether anaesthesia and theirspleens were fixed in a formaldehyde-alcohol solution. Followingroutine histological processing, strepavidin-biotinperoxidasemethod was used for immunohistochemicalexamination.Results: EGF was not observed in any of the spleens structuralcomponents. Although, strong cytoplasmic immunoreactionsfor ErbB2, ErbB4 and Neuregulin wereobserved in ellipsoid associated cells of the quail spleenthroughout the post-hatching period, amphiregulin immunostainingwas weak. Furthermore, it was observedthat ErbB2 immunoreactivity in ellipsoid associated cellsincreased after the 7th day post-hatching. ErbB1, ErbB3,ErbB4, amphiregulin and neuregulin immunoreactionswere relatively similar in all components of the spleenduring post-hatching period. Some cells of the peri-arteriallymphatic sheath (PALS) and peri-ellipsoidal whitepulp (PWP) showed positive immunoreactivity for ErbB2,ErbB3, ErbB4, Neuregulin and Amphiregulin, but notErbB1. ErbB2 immunoreactivity in the muscle cells ofvessels was stronger than ErbB1, ErbB4, neuregulin andamphiregulin immunoreactivities.Conclusions: Our data show that EGF is not produced bythe spleen, however, ErbB1, ErbB2, ErbB3, ErbB4, amphiregulinand neuregulin are expressed by different structuralcomponents of the quail spleen during the posthatchingperiod.This study was approved by the Ethics Committee ofErciyes University.</p

Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Its Receptors flk1 fms flk1 KDR flt4 and Vascular Endothelial Growth Inhibitor in Lungs of Japanese quail Coturnix coturnix japonica during the Post Hatching Period

Introduction: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)and its receptors VEGFR1-Flt1, VEGFR2-KDR/Flk1 andVEGFR3/Flt4 play an im portant role in vasculogenesisand physiological angiogenesis. The lung actions of VEGFare overarching since they affect lung development andstructural maintenance of the adult lung. To determinethe expression pattern of VEGF and its receptors in thelung, we analyzed levels of VEGF, VEGFR1-Flt1, VEGFR2-KDR/Flk1 and VEGFR3/Flt4 and Vascular endothelialgrowth inhibitor (VEGI) in lung of quail during posthatchingperiod.Methods: Thirty Japanese quails were obtained from theSafiye Cikrikcioglu Vocational College, Erciyes University(Kayseri). Five quails each, aged 1, 5, 10, 15, 30, and125 days, were sacrified under ether anaesthesia and theirlungs were quickly removed for immunohistochemicalanalysis. The tissues were fixed in 10%neutral formalinsolution for 24 h at room temperature.Results: Immunohistochemical studies revealed the presenceof cytoplasmic and membrane staining for VEGI,VEGF and its receptors were observed in bronchi, atriaand air capillaries as well as blood vessels in the lungthroughout the post-hatching period. Immunoreactivityfor Flt1/fms and Flk1/KDR in the bronchi, atria and aircapillaries were stronger than those of VEGF, VEGI andflt4, particularly from hatching to the 15th days posthatching.Besides, immunoreactivity for VEGF in the atriaand air capillaries was strong on the 30th and 125th daysof post-hatching period. However, VEGI immunoreactionwas relatively similar in the all parts of the lung duringpost-hatching period.Conclusions: We conclude that post-hatching period maybe precisely regulated by the combined functions likegrowth and vasculogenesis/angiogenesis of VEGF familymembers, angiogenic VEGF and VEGF receptors, and theangiogenesis inhibitor VEGI in the guail lung,.This study was approved by the Ethics Committee ofErciyes University.</p

Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors and their ligands in rat uterus during the postpartum involution period

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its specific receptors, FLt1/fms, Flk1/KDR and FLt4, play important roles in vasculogenesis, and physiological and pathological angiogenesis. Whether angiogenic growth factors are involved in regulating angiogenic processes during the postpartum involution period (PP) of the rat uterus is unknown. We used immunohistochemistry to analyze the expression levels of VEGF, the fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (FLt1/fms), the kinase insert domain-containing region 1 (Flk1/KDR), Fms-related tyrosine kinase 4 (FLt4) and vascular endothelial growth inhibitor (VEGI) in the rat uterus during the days 1, 3, 5, 10 and 15 of the PP to determine the temporal and spatial expressions of VEGF and its receptors during the PP. Throughout the PP, cytoplasmic and membrane staining of VEGI, VEGF and their receptors were observed in the lumens, crypts and glandular epithelial cells as well as in connective tissue and vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells in the endometrium. We found that the intensity of the immunoreactions in the endometrium varied with the morphological changes that occurred during involution. Immunoreactions for VEGI, VEGF and their receptor, Flk1/KDR, in the luminal epithelial cells were stronger than those in the glandular epithelial and stromal cells, particularly during PP 1, 3 and 5, which suggests that these peptides may contribute to re-epithelialization of the endometrium. On the other hand, Flt1/fms immunoreactivity was strong mainly in the stromal cells during the PP. The presence of VEGF and its receptors (FLt1/fms, Flk1/KDR, FLt4) in the stromal cells and blood vessels during the PP suggests that they may contribute to regulating stromal repair and angiogenesis in the involuting uterus of the rat