Treatment of head lice with dimeticone 4% lotion: comparison of two formulations in a randomised controlled trial in rural Turkey

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Dimeticone 4% lotion was shown to be an effective treatment for head louse infestation in two randomised controlled trials in England. It is not affected by insecticide resistance but efficacy obtained (70-75%) was lower than expected. This study was designed to evaluate efficacy of dimeticone 4% lotion in a geographically, socially, and culturally different setting, in rural Turkey and, in order to achieve blinding, it was compared with a potential alternative formulation.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Children from two village schools were screened for head lice by detection combing. All infested students and family members could participate, giving access to treatment for the whole community. Two investigator applied treatments were given 7 days apart. Outcome was assessed by detection combing three times between treatments and twice the week following second treatment.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In the intention to treat group 35/36 treated using dimeticone 4% had no lice after the second treatment but there were two protocol violators giving 91.7% treatment success. The alternative product gave 30/36 (83.3%) treatment success, a difference of 8.4% (95% CI -9.8% to 26.2%). The cure rates per-protocol were 33/34 (97.1%) and 30/35 (85.7%) respectively. We were unable to find any newly emerged louse nymphs on 77.8% of dimeticone 4% treated participants or on 66.7% of those treated with the alternative formulation. No adverse events were identified.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our results confirm the efficacy of dimeticone 4% lotion against lice and eggs and we found no detectable difference between this product and dimeticone 4% lotion with nerolidol 2% added. We believe that the high cure rate was related to the lower intensity of infestation in Turkey, together with the level of community engagement, compared with previous studies in the UK.</p> <p>Trial Registration</p> <p>Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN10431107</p

Kitin sentez inhibitörü diflubenzuron'un celux pipiens (L.) ve culiseta longiareolata (Macquart)'nın (Diptera: Culicidae) larvaları üzerine etkiler

Bu çalışmanın araştırma materyalleri Culex pipiens ve Culiseta longiareolata türlerinin larvalarıdır. Son yıllarda ülkemizde farklı formülasyon ve ticari isimlerle üretilen ve pratikte yoğun olarak kullanılan diflubenzuronun bu sivrisinek türlerinin larvalarına karşı olan mortalite etkisi ve kalıcılık süresi saptanmaya çalışılmıştır. Diflubenzuron'un granül formulasyonu için WHO (World Health Organization) tarafından önerilen 0,05 mg (ai)/cm² lik dozundan yüksek ve düşük miktardaki dozlar (0,016, 0,032, 0,064, 0,128 ve 0,192 mg (ai)/cm²) 1.,2.,3. ve 4. larva evrelerine laboratuvar koşullarında uygulanarak larval ölümler kaydedilmiştir. İstatistiksel analiz sonuçlarına göre; diflubenzuronun larvalar üzerindeki etkisini 2. haftadan sonra arttırdığı, en etkili ve en düşük dozunun 0,064mg (ai)/cm² olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Diflubenzuron Culiseta longiareolata larvalarında ve erken evre larvalarda daha etkilidir

GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN DETERMINATION OF SPATIAL FACTORS IN CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS CASES DISTRIBUTION, IN ADANA, TURKEY

WOS: 000413693400025In Turkey, metropolitan municipalities are responsible for the insecticide spraying activities in all districts of the cities. Therefore, insecticide spraying is applied in the center of Adana, in the control of vector arthropods and other pests, especially against the sand flies and mosquitoes. In this study, we generated cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) prediction risk maps based on MODIS and NON-MODIS dataset. Firstly, we determined relationship, between the presence of CL patients, human population, insecticide spraying density and several environmental variables [Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Digital Elevation Model (DEM), Day Time Mean LST and Night Time Mean LST] obtained from satellite images of randomly selected 103 points were located in the central districts of Adana province, by univariate and binary logistic regression in PASW. (MoH 2016). ARCMAP 10.2. Software was used for geographical adjustments, creating a database and estimating risk models by using several geographical data. The results emphasize that distribution and the presence of the CL cases were found correlated with human population, insecticide, NDVI (LANDSAT), Day time Mean LST and Night Time Mean LST (MODIS). By using Geographic Information System (GIS) Technologies, the predictions that based on univariate and bivariate binary regression analysis of variables as human population density and insecticide spraying density related to the distribution of CL cases was made. The results were used to produce the prediction maps and the potential distribution areas of the incriminated CL cases with the use of GIS technologies which allowed the identification of the CL risk levels that may provide useful information to guide the control program interventions

A COMPARISON OF BIOCLIMATIC FACTORS EFFECT FOR CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS CURRENT STATUS BETWEEN EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION AND TIGRIS BASIN OF TURKEY BY USING ECOLOGICAL NICHE MODELING

WOS: 000484814100019Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is known as tropical and subtropical neglected vector-borne disease in the Old World. Despite the fact that the Eastern Mediterranean Region and Tigris Basin are an endemic area of CL, unfortunately their bio-climatic and environmental variables are relatively poorly understood. The aim of the present study were determining the distribution of disease intwo endemic foci and comparison of variables in terms of CL epidemiology. For this purpose, extracted numbers of environmental variables from different sources and determined 3044 CL cases' location information obtained from the ministry of health database to are used for modeling of the CL current probability of occurrence. The ecological niche model (ENM) analysis was used for this purpose. ENM analyses are made by using ArcGIS and MaxEnt softwares to explore the ecological conditions of the disease. Our results emphasized that CL current the area under the curve (AUC) value were found 0.868, 0.918 and 0.924 in Adana, Mersin (East Mediterranean Region) and Diyarbakir (Tigris Basin) respectively. Also, BIO1, BIO4, BIO5, BIO9, BIO10 and DEM were found related to the presence of native human cases of CL in East Mediterranean Region. BI O2, BIO4 and BIO11 were found to correlate with CL probable distribution in Tigris Basin. Consequently, there were relationship between temperature data and disease epidemiology for both areas. Also, comparison results of the study could be a reference to the health ministry's CL and vector control studiesScientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Cukurova UniversityCukurova University [FBA-2018-10679]We thank to Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Cukurova University, which supported our study with a project ID of "FBA-2018-10679" and the Metropolitan Municipality of Adana, Turkish Republic Ministry of Health and Turkish Statistical Institute

DETERMINATION OF CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS PREVALENCE AND INCIDENCE, BETWEEN 2009-2014 IN ADANA BY USING GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS

WOS: 000446219500030We aimed to calculate the incidence and prevalence values of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) between 2009-2014 for all the districts of Adana and also to produce the maps by using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) via incidence and prevalence to show the distribution of the disease. After geographic correction, the borders of Adana were drawn using by ARCMAP 10.2. (ARCMAP; Esri, New York, United States of America) In order to make independent interpretations for all districts, boundaries were divided into separate layers. Prevalence and incidence between 2009-2014 were entered into the GIS database and interpreted. Our maps were created with the geographically corrected cartographic map and a database were evaluated based on the aim of the study. Although Kozan was the district where the most reported case of CL was seen (23.14%), the highest prevalence (0.345%) and incidence (0.1761%) were detected in the province of Imamoglu in 2011. However, it has been found that the incidence and prevalence of CL tend to increase in regions where Syrian refugees lived. Creating maps based on the prevalence and incidence of CL commonly seen in the Eastern Mediterranean and especially in Adana, will have an important role in improving the measures to be taken against the disease.Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Cukurova UniversityCukurova University [TSA-2017-8633]We thank to Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Cukurova University, which supported our study with a project ID of "TSA-2017-8633" and the Metropolitan Municipality of Adana, Turkish Republic Ministry of Health and Turkish Statistical Institute

Analysis of morphological variations of three Adlerius (Diptera: Psychodidae) species collected in two cutaneous leishmaniasis endemic foci of Turkey

Leishmaniasis, transmitted to human by sand flies, is a neglected vector-borne diseases and has two clinical forms: cutaneous (CL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Turkey. Subgenus of Adlerius are known as probable vectors of both forms of leishmaniasis in Turkey. Examined three species belonging to Adlerius are difficult to distinguish morphologically and have similar taxonomic characters. The aim of this study was to analyse and identify the possible morphological variations, of wild-caught sand fly specimens belonging to Adlerius subgenus. Six and seven morphological characters for female and male specimens were used, respectively. ANOVA, principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant function analysis (DFA) test were performed to determine the significant morphometric variables of the three species. Univariate and multivariate analyses of 13 morphometric variables via ANOVA, DFA and PCA showed that eight (six for females, two for males) morphometric variables had an accuracy of 100% for discriminating three Adlerius subgenus specimens. The analyses revealed significant differences on several morphological structures of Adlerius specimens. These results suggested that morphological and morphometrical features can be used to discriminate three Adlerius species, in which one of them is proven vector Leishmania (L.) tropica in two foci of Turkey.We thank Scientifc Research Projects Coordination Unit of Ege University, which supported our study with a project ID of `2009 TIP 32'.Scientifc Research Projects Coordination Unit of Ege Universit

Bir kutanöz leishmaniasis endemik bölgesi olan Adana’nın Karaisalı ilçesinde kum sineği faunası ve çevresel parametreleri

Purpose: This paper presents the results of an entomological survey in an endemic focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Karaisali province of Adana in Turkey. Materials and Methods: There were two field works in two consecutive years (2013 and 2014), which 1088 sand fly specimens were captured using 136 light traps which were conducted in 11 villages of Karaisali located in southwest part of Adana. Results: Totally, six Phlebotomus species were described: Phlebotomus tobbi (41.54%), Phlebotomus neglectus/syriacus (9.74%), Phlebotomus papatasi (25.18%), Phlebotomus perfiliewi (3.49%), Sergentomyia dentata (18.38%) and Sergentomyia theodori (1.65%). The female/male rate was found to be 1.98. Phlebotomus tobbi, Phlebotomus papatasi, Phlebotomus neglectus/syriacus, Sergentomyia dentata and Sergentomyia theodori were dominant at 201-400m, 0-200m, 801-1000m, 401-600m and 601-800m respectively. Conclusion: Environmental and climatic factors were compared for the presence of sand flies species especially vectors of cutaneous leishmaniasis by univariate binary regression analysis in PASW. Sand fly density maps were generated based on the elevation they were caught by using ARCMAP 10.2. The data also revealed a relationship between presence of the probable vector sand flies and several environmental factors such as altitude, temperature, trap location and humidity in KaraisaliAmaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, bir endemik bölge olan Adana'nın Karaisalı ilçesindeki kutanöz leishmaniasisin endemik odaklı entomolojik bir araştırmasının sonuçlarını sunmaktır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Adana'nın güneybatısında bulunan Karaisalı'nın 11 köyünde İki yıl üst üste iki alanda (2013 ve 2014), 136 ışık tuzağı kullanılarak 1088 kum sineği örneği toplanmış, saha ile ilgili çevresel veriler kaydedilmiştir. Ayrıca Örnek toplanan alanlardaki çevresel ve iklimsel faktörler, vektör kum sineklerinin varlığı ile PASW'da tek değişkenli ikili regresyon yöntemi kullanılarak karşılaştırma yapıldı. Kum sineklerinin dağılım haritaları, ARCMAP 10.2 kullanılarak yakalandıkları yükseklere bağlı olarak oluşturuldu. Bulgular: Toplanan örneklerin türleri; Phlebotomus tobbi % 41,54), Phlebotomus neglectus/syriacus (% 9,74), Phlebotomus papatasI % 25,18), Phlebotomus perfiliewi (% 3.49), Sergentomyia theodori (% 10,56) ve Sergentomyi adentata(% 9,46) olarak belirlenmiştir. Erkek/dişi oranı ise 1.89 olarak bulunmuştur. Phlebotomus.tobbi, Phlebotomus papatasi, Phlebotomus neglectus/syriacus, Sergentomyia ia dentata ve Sergentomyia theodori sırasıyla 201-400m, 0-200m, 801-1000m, 401-600m ve 601-800m yüksekliklerde baskın t ürler olarak belirlenmiştir. Sonuç: Veriler, muhtemel vektör kum sineklerinin varlığı ile Karaisalı'da yükseklik, sıcaklık, tuzak konumu ve nem gibi birkaç çevresel faktör arasında bir ilişki olduğunu ortaya koymuştur