The generalization of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with subcarrier power modulation to quadrature signal constellations

A novel modulation technique termed as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with subcarrier power modulation (OFDM-SPM) has been proposed for achieving spectral-efficient data transmission in wireless communication systems. OFDM-SPM utilizes the power of each subcarrier in an OFDM block as an extra degree of freedom to convey extra information bits besides the bits transmitted by conventional signal modulation. OFDM-SPM has originally been introduced with binary phase shift keying (BPSK) symbol modulation, and was shown to provide great gains and various merits such as doubling the spectral efficiency, reducing transmission power and transmission times by half. Displaying its capabilities as a scheme to be adopted for future wireless communication systems, a question detrimental to the adoption of OFDM-SPM has yet to be answered. This is whether the gains that OFDM-SPM brings persist when paired with higher order modulation schemes, especially two dimensional signal constellation schemes such as M-ary PSK. In this paper, OFDM-SPM is paired with quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) symbol modulation as an example of a higher order two dimensional modulation scheme. The performance analysis of this scheme along with its numerical simulations are carried out where the bit error rate (BER) and throughput performances of the scheme are given in both an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), and multipath Rayleigh fading channels. These simulations are done for different power allocation policies. Unlike other 3D modulation methods, the results show that OFDM-SPM can be used with higher order modulation schemes while maintaining all the gains exhibited in OFDM-SPM with BPSK. This gives OFDM-SPM a unique advantage when compared to other 3D modulation schemes such as OFDM-IM and OFDM-SNM, which lose the gain in spectral efficiency as the modulation order becomes higher. Furthermore, the results of OFDM-SPM with QPSK were compared to that of conventional OFDM with 16-QAM symbol modulation. OFDM-SPM displayed superiority both in terms of BER and throughput achieving a gain of approximately 2.5-3 dB. These findings clearly point out that OFDM-SPM is a promising modulation scheme, which should be investigated more vigorously and considered as a strong candidate for adoption in future 6G and beyond wireless communication systems.This research was partly funded by TUBITAK under Grant/Award Number: 119E408

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with subcarrier power modulation for doubling the spectral efficiency of 6G and beyond networks

With the emergence of new applications (eg, extended reality [XR] and haptics), which require to be simultaneously served not just with low latency and sufficient reliability, but also with high spectral efficiency, future networks (ie, 6G and beyond) should be capable of meeting this demand by introducing new effective transmission designs. Motivated by this, a novel modulation technique termed as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with subcarrier power modulation (OFDM-SPM) is proposed for providing highly spectral-efficient data transmission with low-latency and less-complexity for future 6G wireless communication systems. OFDM-SPM utilizes the power of subcarriers in OFDM blocks as a third dimension to convey extra information bits while reducing both complexity and latency compared to conventional schemes. In this article, the concept of OFDM-SPM is introduced and its validity as a future adopted modulation technique is investigated over a wireless multipath Rayleigh fading channel. The proposed system structure is explained, an analytical expression of the bit error rate (BER) is derived, and numerical simulations of BER and throughput performances of OFDM-SPM are carried out. OFDM-SPM is found to greatly enhance the spectral efficiency where it is capable of doubling it. In addition, OFDM-SPM introduces negligible complexity to the system, does not exhibit error propagation, reduces the transmission delay, and decreases the transmission power by half.Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştirma Kurumu, 119E40

AWARENESS OF RISK FACTORS OF DKA AMONG DIABETIC ADULTS IN KSA

Background: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a complication of Diabetes mellitus (DM) that lingers to have high rates of morbidity and mortality regardless of advances in the management of DM. DKA mainly results from insulin deficiency from new-onset diabetes, insulin noncompliance and increased insulin need because of infection Most persons with DKA have type 1 diabetes however, a subgroup of type 2 diabetes patients might as well have ketosis-prone diabetes. Awareness of Aim of the work: To assess the level of awareness of the risk factors of DKA as well as the adherence of DM patients with drugs. Methods: This is a questionnaire-based cross-sectional study enrolling a total of 100 randomly selected diabetic Saudi adults ensuring diversity in age range and educational stages. Descriptive analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 23. Awareness levels for DKA were calculated as absolute frequencies and were reported as overall percentages. Results: a total of 100 randomly selected diabetic Saudi adults (81 females and 19 males), 56% were diagnosed with DM-1 while 44% had DM-2 and only 11% were active sport practitioners. Moreover, only 62% reported a robust adherence to DM medications. The majority of the respondents scored low knowledge on DKA (54%). Regarding awareness of predisposing risk factors: 9% and 29% of the participants have related DKA to infection and febrile illness respectively. While 50% suggested an association between physical stress and DKA. Conclusion: Our results revealed a compelling need to bridge the disparity in awareness of DKA among Saudi adults with both types. The current knowledge gap doesn’t only incur a significant cost burden on the patients and their sponsors because of the high cost treatment and rehabilitation but also and more severely the complications that can be life-threatening if not spotted and treated quickly. Accordingly, we recommend the launch of education and awareness programs for the public at large, in the hope that this will lead to improved quality of life particularity for DM patients and their caregivers aa well as establishing nutrition and sports programs at schools and universities that can teach children and young adults the preventive measures and appropriate management of DKA early on in life. Other public Awareness raising campaign through TV & Radio spots, culture and art activities and informational events would add a great value. Keywords: Diabetic Ketoacidosis, Dka, Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Cross Section, Awareness, Risk Factors

OFDM-subcarrier power modulation with two dimensional signal constellations

An original modulation technique has been recently proposed for wireless communication systems known as OFDM- SPM (OFDM with Subcarrier Power Modulation). This technique utilizes a characteristic of the subcarriers of the OFDM block to carry extra data, this is the power of the subcarriers. Where the power level of each subcarrier conveys additional data bits. Presented here, the concept of OFDM-SPM is extended to the case of using two-dimensional signal constellations that consist of both in-phase and quadrature components such as QPSK Symbol modulation. Its performance is investigated over an AWGN (additive white Gaussian noise) channel. The adoption of this proposed scheme in future modulation techniques is studied by presenting OFDM-SPM with QPSK as a case of OFDM-SPM with higher order modulation schemes. The performance of the scheme in terms of the metrics of throughput and bit error rate (BER) of the system are discussed and analyzed. The results show that OFDM-SPM with QPSK vastly improves spectral efficiency especially when comparing with other techniques such as OFDM-SEM and OFDM-SNM which add a third data carrying dimension.. The results show that OFDM-SPM, unlike many other proposed schemes, can be used with higher order modulation schemes to provide the perceived gains consistently regardless of the modulation scheme order. Specifically, it is found out that the spectral efficiency can be doubled compared to conventional benchmark schemes available in the literature at the expense of a slight degradation in the BERNo sponso

A spectrally efficient OFDM-based modulation scheme for future wireless systems

A novel modulation technique termed as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with subcarrier power modulation (OFDM-SPM) for efficient data transmission in wireless communication systems is proposed. OFDM-SPM uses the power of each subcarrier in an OFDM block as a third dimension to carry data, where different power levels correspond to different bits. In this paper, the concept of OFDM-SPM is applied to conventional OFDM using binary phase shift keying (BPSK) symbol modulation over an additive white Gaussian noise channel (AWGN). The system and its validity as a future adopted modulation technique is investigated, where a general overview of the system is given. Simulation results regarding the bit error rate (BER) and the throughput of the system are displayed, and the merits of this scheme are discussed. Results show that compared to other proposed modulation techniques which add a third dimension to carry data, OFDM-SPM vastly improves spectral efficiency, where it is capable of doubling the spectral efficiency in addition to reducing the transmission power of the system by half. Although this results in a degradation in the system bit error rate performance, the scheme suggests that this can be overcome by reallocating the saved power to the transmitted OFDM subcarriers.No sponso

INVESTIGATING THE PHYSIOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE AND HYPOTHYROIDISM

Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, which are thyroid conditions that are extremely prevalent throughout the world, predispose to CVD in general and CAD in particular. This is especially important for people who have hypothyroidism. Heart failure progression risk and the frequency of coronary events are both raised by overt and subclinical hypothyroidism. Thyroid hormone abnormalities are a common complication of heart disease, especially ischemic heart disease, and should be taken into consideration. In actuality, it is necessary to consider low thyroid hormone levels as a cardiovascular risk factor. Regarding ischemic heart disease, thyroid hormones impact left ventricular structure, function, and geometry in the late post-myocardial infarction stage. Cardio-protection is the new goal of therapies to reduce infarct size and stop the development of heart failure following an acute ischemic event in order to enhance cardiovascular outcomes. Through TR1 binding, TH replacement therapy administered soon after myocardial infarction (or even when delayed) may enhance cardiac function. In this review we will look at the relationship between hypothyroidism and ischemic heart disease

Empagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Background The effects of empagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease who are at risk for disease progression are not well understood. The EMPA-KIDNEY trial was designed to assess the effects of treatment with empagliflozin in a broad range of such patients. Methods We enrolled patients with chronic kidney disease who had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of at least 20 but less than 45 ml per minute per 1.73 m(2) of body-surface area, or who had an eGFR of at least 45 but less than 90 ml per minute per 1.73 m(2) with a urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (with albumin measured in milligrams and creatinine measured in grams) of at least 200. Patients were randomly assigned to receive empagliflozin (10 mg once daily) or matching placebo. The primary outcome was a composite of progression of kidney disease (defined as end-stage kidney disease, a sustained decrease in eGFR to < 10 ml per minute per 1.73 m(2), a sustained decrease in eGFR of & GE;40% from baseline, or death from renal causes) or death from cardiovascular causes. Results A total of 6609 patients underwent randomization. During a median of 2.0 years of follow-up, progression of kidney disease or death from cardiovascular causes occurred in 432 of 3304 patients (13.1%) in the empagliflozin group and in 558 of 3305 patients (16.9%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.64 to 0.82; P < 0.001). Results were consistent among patients with or without diabetes and across subgroups defined according to eGFR ranges. The rate of hospitalization from any cause was lower in the empagliflozin group than in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.78 to 0.95; P=0.003), but there were no significant between-group differences with respect to the composite outcome of hospitalization for heart failure or death from cardiovascular causes (which occurred in 4.0% in the empagliflozin group and 4.6% in the placebo group) or death from any cause (in 4.5% and 5.1%, respectively). The rates of serious adverse events were similar in the two groups. Conclusions Among a wide range of patients with chronic kidney disease who were at risk for disease progression, empagliflozin therapy led to a lower risk of progression of kidney disease or death from cardiovascular causes than placebo