Pengaruh Pendekatan Pembelajaran Matematika Realistik Terhadap Prestasi Belajar Matematika Ditinjau Dari Kemampuan Numerik Siswa Kelas VIII SMP Negeri 2 Amlapura

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan mendeskripsikan pengaruh pendekatan pembelajaran matematika realistik terhadap prestasi belajar matematika ditinjau dari kemampuan numerik siswa. Penelitian ini merupakan eksperimen semu dilaksanakan dengan menggunakan rancangan the post test only control group design. Populasinya adalah seluruh siswa kelas VIII SMP Negeri 2 Amlapura tahun pelajaran 2013-2014. Dari delapan kelas yang ada, empat kelas dipilih sebagai sampel yakni dua kelas sebagai kelas eksperimen dan dua kelas sebagai kelas kontrol yang diambil dengan teknik random. Data penelitian dikumpulkan menggunakan tes, yaitu tes kemampuan numerik dan tes prestasi belajar matematika. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan analisis varians dua jalur dilanjutkan dengan uji Tukey. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data dan pembahasan, dapat disimpulkan, terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan prestasi belajar matematika antara siswa yang mengikuti pendekatan pembelajaran matematika realistik dengan siswa yang mengikuti pendekatan pembelajaran konvensional. Terdapat pengaruh interaksi antara pendekatan pembelajaran matematika realistik dan kemampuan numerik terhadap prestasi belajar matematika. Pada Siswa yang memiliki kemampuan numerik tinggi, prestasi belajar matematika siswa yang mengikuti pendekatan pembelajaran matematika realistik lebih baik daripada pendekatan konvensional. Pada siswa yang memiliki kemampuan numerik rendah, prestasi belajar matematika siswa yang mengikuti pendekatan pembelajaran matematika realistik tetap lebih tinggi dari siswa yang mengikuti pendekatan pembelajaran konvensional.Kata Kunci : pendekatan pembelajaran matematika realistik, kemampuan numerik, dan prestasi belajar matematika The study aimed at finding out and describing the contribution of realistic mathematic instructional approach towards mathematic learning achievement viewed from numeric skills. It was a quasi-experimental research by utilizing the post test only control group design. The study involved all students class VIII SMP Negeri 2 Amlapura in 2013-2014 as the population. Four classes of the students were chosen from eight parallel classes as the samples consisting of two classes as experimental and another two classes as control groups. They were determined based on random technique. The data were collected by testing, involving numeric ability and mathematic achievement tests. They were analysed based on two tailed variant analysis followed by Tukey-test. The results indicated that there was a significant difference between mathematic learning achievement of the students joining realistic mathematic instruction and those joining a conventional approach. There was an interactional contribution of realistic mathematic instructional approach and numeric ability towards mathematic learning achievement. The students having higher numeric skills, when joining realistic mathematic instruction approach their mathematic learning achievement was found better or higher than those joining a conventional approach. The students having lower numeric skills, when joining realistic mathematic instruction approach, their mathematic learning achievement was found better or higher than those joining a conventional approach

Effect of EGCG on BDL induced parenchymal cells.

<p>BDL caused significant liver fibrosis and necrosis to parenchymal cells as evident from 400X magnified images of histopathological staining. BDL resulted in severe fibrosis and necrosis which were attenuated by EGCG treatment.</p

Effect of EGCG on ROS induced hepatocyte cell death.

<p>EGCG at 10μM inhibit hydrogen peroxide (HP, 5mM, 24h) induced cell death. Panel A. Representative dot blot analyses of flow cytometry in hepatocytes stained with early apoptotic marker Annexin V APC and cell death dye Sytox green. Panel B. Quantitative determination plot of cell death analyses (combination of early apoptotic and cell death) of the same experiments was presented. Results are mean ± S.E.M. n = 4/group.* p<0.05 versus control; and # p<0.05 versus HP.</p

Meta-analysis results of complication incidence.

<p>Meta-analysis results of complication incidence.</p

Effect of EGCG on BDL induced NFκB activation and pro-inflammatory cytokines in mice liver.

<p>BDL induced NFκB activation as measured from nuclear fraction using commercial kit (Panel A) and the activity was reduced by treatment with EGCG. BDL induced pro-inflammatory cytokines as measured by Real-time PCR analyses for TNFα (Panel B), MIP1α (Panel C), IL1β (Panel D) and MIP2 (Panel E). BDL induced increases in pro-inflammatory cytokines were attenuated by EGCG treatment. Results are mean ± S.E.M. n = 6/group.* p<0.05 versus control; and # p<0.05 versus BDL.</p

Effect of EGCG on pro-fibrotic gene expression in mouse stellate cells.

<p>Stellate were culture for 8days to stimulate fibrosis in culture and compared with fresh isolated stellate cells. Real-time PCR analyses of pro-fibrotic mRNA of TIMP1 (A), SMA (B), collagen1 (C) and Fibronectin (D) were induced during fibrosis stimulation. EGCG reverse the mRNA level in all four genes. Results are mean ± S.E.M. n = 4/group.* p<0.05 versus Day 0; and # p<0.05 versus Day 8.</p

Meta-analysis results.

a<p>Random-effects model.</p

Effect of EGCG on BDL induced decrease of mitochondrial antioxidant defense in mice liver.

<p>BDL caused decrease in mitochondrial antioxidant defense as measured from enzyme activities of manganese superoxide dismutase (Panel A) and glutathione peroxidase (Panel B). BDL mediated drop in their activities in mitochondria were improved by EGCG treatment. Results are mean ± S.E.M. n = 6/group.* p<0.05 versus control; and # p<0.05 versus BDL.</p

Effect of EGCG on BDL induced cell death markers DNA fragmentation and PARP activity in mice liver.

<p>BDL caused significant increase in liver DNA fragmentation (Panel A) and PARP activity (Panel B). BDL induced increases in DNA fragmentation and PARP activity were attenuated by EGCG treatment. Results are mean ± S.E.M. n = 6/group.* p<0.05 versus control; and # p<0.05 versus BDL.</p

Effect of EGCG on BDL induced decrease of mitochondrial membrane complex activities in mice liver.

<p>BDL caused decrease in mitochondrial membrane complexes as measured from enzyme activities of electron transport chain complex I (Panel A), complex II (Panel B) and complex IV (Panel C). BDL mediated decrease of their activities in mitochondria were restored to control level by EGCG treatment. Results are mean ± S.E.M. n = 6/group.* p<0.05 versus control; and # p<0.05 versus BDL.</p