Sustained viral load and late death in Rag2-/- mice after influenza A virus infection

The importance of the adaptive immune response for secondary influenza infections and protection from a lethal challenge after vaccination has been well documented. However, some controversy still exists concerning the specific involvement of B and T cells during a primary infection. Here, we have followed the survival, weight loss, viral load and lung pathology in Rag2-/- knock-out mice after infection with influenza A virus (H1N1). Infected wild type mice initially lost weight early after infection but then cleared the virus and recovered. Rag2-/- mice, however, showed similar weight loss kinetics in the early stages after infection but weight loss continued post infection and culminated in death. In contrast to wild type mice, Rag2-/- mice were not able to clear the virus, despite an increased inflammatory response. Furthermore, they did not recruit virus-specific lymphocytes into the lung in the later stages after infection and exhibited sustained pulmonary lesions

Determination of erlotinib in rabbit plasma by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry

A sensitive and selective liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC–MS) method for determination of erlotinib in rabbit plasma was developed. After addition of midazolam as internal standard (IS), protein precipitation by acetonitrile was used as sample preparation. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Zorbax SB-C18 (2.1 × 150 mm, 5 μm) column with acetonitrile-0.1 % formic acid as mobile phase with gradient elution. Electrospray ionization (ESI) source was applied and operated in positive ion mode; multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was used to quantification using target fragment ions m/z 394→336 for erlotinib and m/z 326→291 for the IS. Calibration plots were linear over the range of 5-2000 ng/mL for erlotinib in plasma. Lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) for erlotinib was 5 ng/mL. Mean recovery of erlotinib from plasma was in the range 84.5-95.7 %. CV of intra-day and interday precision were both less than 12 %. This method is simple and sensitive enough to be used in pharmacokinetic research for determination of erlotinib in rabbit plasma.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

Determination of erlotinib in rabbit plasma by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry

A sensitive and selective liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC–MS) method for determination of erlotinib in rabbit plasma was developed. After addition of midazolam as internal standard (IS), protein precipitation by acetonitrile was used as sample preparation. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Zorbax SB-C18 (2.1 × 150 mm, 5 μm) column with acetonitrile-0.1 % formic acid as mobile phase with gradient elution. Electrospray ionization (ESI) source was applied and operated in positive ion mode; multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was used to quantification using target fragment ions m/z 394→336 for erlotinib and m/z 326→291 for the IS. Calibration plots were linear over the range of 5-2000 ng/mL for erlotinib in plasma. Lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) for erlotinib was 5 ng/mL. Mean recovery of erlotinib from plasma was in the range 84.5-95.7 %. CV of intra-day and interday precision were both less than 12 %. This method is simple and sensitive enough to be used in pharmacokinetic research for determination of erlotinib in rabbit plasma.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

Development and Validation of LC-MS/MS Method for Determination of Ondansetron in rat Plasma and its Application

A selective and sensitive liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS) method for determination of ondansetron in rat plasma was developed and validated. After addition of midazolam as internal standard (IS), protein precipitation by acetonitrile was used as sample preparation, and chromatography involved Agilent SB-C18 column (2.1 x 150 mm, 5 μm) using 0.1 % formic acid in water and acetonitrile as a mobile phase with gradient elution. Detection involved positive ion mode electrospray ionization (ESI), and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was used for quantification of target fragment ions m/z 294.0→169.7 for ondansetron and m/z 326.0→291.0 for midazolam (internal standard, IS). The assay was linear over the range of 5–1000 ng/mL for ondansetron, with a lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) of 5 ng/mL for ondansetron. Intra- and inter-day precisions were less than 14 % and the accuracies were in the range of 94.7-113.5 % for ondansetron. This developed method was successfully applied for the determination of ondansetron in rat plasma for pharmacokinetic study.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

Determination of erlotinib in rabbit plasma by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry

A sensitive and selective liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC–MS) method for determination of erlotinib in rabbit plasma was developed. After addition of midazolam as internal standard (IS), protein precipitation by acetonitrile was used as sample preparation. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Zorbax SB-C18 (2.1 × 150 mm, 5 μm) column with acetonitrile-0.1 % formic acid as mobile phase with gradient elution. Electrospray ionization (ESI) source was applied and operated in positive ion mode; multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was used to quantification using target fragment ions m/z 394→336 for erlotinib and m/z 326→291 for the IS. Calibration plots were linear over the range of 5-2000 ng/mL for erlotinib in plasma. Lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) for erlotinib was 5 ng/mL. Mean recovery of erlotinib from plasma was in the range 84.5-95.7 %. CV of intra-day and interday precision were both less than 12 %. This method is simple and sensitive enough to be used in pharmacokinetic research for determination of erlotinib in rabbit plasma.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

Determination of sulpiride in rabbit plasma by LC-ESI-MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study

A sensitive and selective liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method for determination of sulpiride in rabbit plasma was developed and validated. The analyte and internal standard (IS) were extracted from plasma by liquid-liquid extraction using ethyl acetate, and chromatography involved Agilent Extend-C18 column (2.1 mm x 50 mm, 3.5 μm) using 0.2 % formic acid in water and acetonitrile (60: 40, v/v) as a mobile phase. Detection involved positive ion mode electrospray ionization (ESI), and selective ion monitoring (SIM) mode was used for quantification of target fragmentions m/z 342.0 for sulpiride and m/z 294.8 for estazolam (internal standard, IS). The assay was linear over the range of 10-2000 ng/mL for sulpiride, with a lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) of 10 ng/mL for sulpiride. Intraand inter-day precisions were less than 12 % and the accuracies were in the range of 94.1-108.7 % for sulpiride. This developed method was successfully applied for the determination of sulpiride in rabbit plasma for pharmacokinetic study.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

Avian Influenza (H5N1) Virus in Waterfowl and Chickens, Central China

In 2004, 3 and 4 strains of avian influenza virus (subtype H5N1) were isolated from waterfowl and chickens, respectively, in central People’s Republic of China. Viral replication and pathogenicity were evaluated in chickens, quails, pigeons, and mice. We analyzed the sequences of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of the isolates and found broad diversity among them

Vagus Nerve through α7 nAChR Modulates Lung Infection and Inflammation: Models, Cells, and Signals

Cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) bridges immune and nervous systems and plays pleiotropic roles in modulating inflammation in animal models by targeting different immune, proinflammatory, epithelial, endothelial, stem, and progenitor cells and signaling pathways. Acute lung injury (ALI) is a devastating inflammatory disease. It is pathogenically heterogeneous and involves many cells and signaling pathways. Here, we emphasized the research regarding the modulatory effects of CAP on animal models, cell population, and signaling pathways that involved in the pathogenesis of ALI. By comparing the differential effects of CAP on systemic and pulmonary inflammation, we postulated that a pulmonary parasympathetic inflammatory reflex is formed to sense and respond to pathogens in the lung. Work targeting the formation and function of pulmonary parasympathetic inflammatory reflex would extend our understanding of how vagus nerve senses, recognizes, and fights with pathogens and inflammatory responses

Characteristics of High Quality Rice Xiang 5 and the Supporting Cultivation Techniques

The high quality rice, Xiang 5, is a new strain bred by Institute of Food Crops of Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences which first hybridizes Chinese scented rice with 9311, and then re-crosses it with Ezhong 5 for continuous generations. The strain has good quality, high yield, suitable maturity period, strong scent, strong combining ability and other features. This paper summarizes the appearance characteristics of Xiang 5 and main points of the supporting cultivation techniques, aimed at providing technical support and theoretical reference for its field production