ChatRadio-Valuer: A Chat Large Language Model for Generalizable Radiology Report Generation Based on Multi-institution and Multi-system Data

Radiology report generation, as a key step in medical image analysis, is critical to the quantitative analysis of clinically informed decision-making levels. However, complex and diverse radiology reports with cross-source heterogeneity pose a huge generalizability challenge to the current methods under massive data volume, mainly because the style and normativity of radiology reports are obviously distinctive among institutions, body regions inspected and radiologists. Recently, the advent of large language models (LLM) offers great potential for recognizing signs of health conditions. To resolve the above problem, we collaborate with the Second Xiangya Hospital in China and propose ChatRadio-Valuer based on the LLM, a tailored model for automatic radiology report generation that learns generalizable representations and provides a basis pattern for model adaptation in sophisticated analysts' cases. Specifically, ChatRadio-Valuer is trained based on the radiology reports from a single institution by means of supervised fine-tuning, and then adapted to disease diagnosis tasks for human multi-system evaluation (i.e., chest, abdomen, muscle-skeleton, head, and maxillofacial $\&$ neck) from six different institutions in clinical-level events. The clinical dataset utilized in this study encompasses a remarkable total of \textbf{332,673} observations. From the comprehensive results on engineering indicators, clinical efficacy and deployment cost metrics, it can be shown that ChatRadio-Valuer consistently outperforms state-of-the-art models, especially ChatGPT (GPT-3.5-Turbo) and GPT-4 et al., in terms of the diseases diagnosis from radiology reports. ChatRadio-Valuer provides an effective avenue to boost model generalization performance and alleviate the annotation workload of experts to enable the promotion of clinical AI applications in radiology reports

Therapeutic window of globular adiponectin against cerebral ischemia in diabetic mice: the role of dynamic alteration of adiponectin/adiponectin receptor expression

Photograph of the Ponca Chief Standing Bear Monument

TAT‐LBD‐Ngn2‐improved cognitive functions after global cerebral ischemia by enhancing neurogenesis

Abstract Background Stroke is the major cause of adult neurocognitive disorders (NCDs), and presents a significant burden on both of the families and society. To improve the cerebral injury, we generated a blood–brain barrier penetrating peptide TAT‐LBD‐Ngn2, in which Ngn2 (Neurogenin2) is a classical preneural gene that enhances neurogenesis, and neural precursor cells survival and differentiation. We previously demonstrated that it has a short‐term protective effect against cerebral ischemia‐reperfusion injury. However, it is uncertain if TAT‐LBD‐Ngn2 could promote neurogenesis to exhibit long‐term therapeutic impact. Methods and results In present study, TAT‐LBD‐Ngn2 was administered for 14 or 28 days following bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion (BCCAO). After confirming that TAT‐LBD‐Ngn2 could cross the brain blood barrier and aggregate in the hippocampus, we conducted open field test, Morris water maze and contextual fear conditioning to examine the long‐term effect of TAT‐LBD‐Ngn2 on cognition. We discovered that TAT‐LBD‐Ngn2 significantly improved the spatial and contextual learning and memory on both days 14 and 28 after BCCAO, while TAT‐LBD‐Ngn2 exhibited anxiolytic effect only on day 14, but had no effect on locomotion. Using western blot and immunofluorescence, TAT‐LBD‐Ngn2 was also shown to promote neurogenesis, as evidenced by increased BrdU+ and DCX+ neurons in dentate gyrus. Meanwhile, TAT‐LBD‐Ngn2 elevated the expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor rather than nerve growth factor compared to the control group. Conclusions Our findings revealed that TAT‐LBD‐Ngn2 could dramatically promote learning and memory in long term by facilitating neurogenesis in the hippocampus after global cerebral ischemia, indicating that TAT‐LBD‐Ngn2 may be an appealing candidate for treating poststroke NCD

NDRG2 is a novel p53-associated regulator of apoptosis in C6-originated astrocytes exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation.

N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) has been documented to be a pro-differentiative and anti-proliferative gene in cancer research. Our previous study found a significant NDRG2 up-regulation in reactive astrocytes of penumbra after transient focal cerebral ischemia, which was parallel to the enhancement of TUNEL-positive signals. However, it is still uncertain whether NDRG2 participates in cellular apoptosis induced by ischemia-reperfusion injury in brain. In this study, we investigated the role of NDRG2 in cellular apoptosis induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in IL-6-differentiated C6 glioma cells. The results showed that NDRG2 was up-regulated and translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus after OGD exposure. NDRG2 over-expression exhibited an anti-proliferative effect and increased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio after OGD exposure, while NDRG2 silencing promoted the cellular proliferation and attenuated the up-regulation of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. The pro-apoptotic effect of p53 was verified by the results in which p53 silencing greatly reduced the percentage of OGD-induced apoptotic cells. p53 silencing also reduced the OGD-induced NDRG2 up-regulation. However, over-expression of p53 did not further improve the NDRG2 up-regulation. In conclusion, NDRG2 is a p53-associated regulator of apoptosis in C6-originated astrocytes after OGD exposure. These findings bring insight to the roles of NDRG2 in ischemic-hypoxic injury and provide potential targets for future clinical therapies on stroke

RhoE promotes metastasis in gastric cancer through a mechanism dependent on enhanced expression of CXCR4.

RhoE, a novel member of the Rho protein family, is a key regulator of the cytoskeleton and cell migration. Our group has previously shown that RhoE as a direct target for HIF-1α and mediates hypoxia-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition in gastric cancer cells. Therefore, we assumed that RhoE might play an important role in gastric cancer metastasis. In the present study, we have explored the role of RhoE expression in gastric cancer, cell invasion and metastasis, and the influence of RhoE on regulating the potential expression of down-stream genes. RhoE expression was elevated in gastric cancer tissues as compared with normal gastric tissues. We also found a close correlation between the histological grade and the diagnosis of the patient. Up-regulation of RhoE significantly enhanced the migratory and invasive abilities of gastric cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, down-regulation of RhoE diminished the metastatic potential of cancer cells. PCR array and subsequent transwell assay showed that the regulation of gastric cancer metastasis by RhoE was partially mediated by CXCR4. This observation suggested that CXCR4 might be a downstream effector for RhoE. In summary, our study identified RhoE as a novel prognostic biomarker and metastatic-promoting gene of gastric cancer

Distinct Mechanisms on Accelerating Electron Transfer to Facilitate Two-Stage Anaerobic Digestion Modulated by Various Microalgae Biochar

Microalgae-derived biochar are promising candidates to accelerate electron transfer during anaerobic digestion (AD) due to inherent advantages, but the mechanisms are unclear since they are highly related to microalgae species. In this work, distinct electron transfer mechanisms modulated by biochar derived from Scenedesmus sp. (SBC) and Chlorella sp. (CBC) were investigated during two-stage AD. Overall, adding biochar enhanced direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) by increasing the relative abundance of related microorganisms like Firmicutes and Methanosaeta. Furthermore, SBC showed a foamy honeycomb structure with abundant functional groups, a rough surface, and irregular holes, which provided habitats for microorganism colonization and acted as an electron conductor for facilitating conductive material-mediated DIET (i.e., cDIET). Meanwhile, CBC showed a closed spherical granule structure having a smooth surface and low porosity, leading to stack of microorganisms on the biochar surface and causing bioelectrically triggered DIET (i.e., bDIET) via upregulated secretion of Flavins and C-type cytochromes. Results indicate that the electron transfer rate via bDIET was one order of magnitude higher than that via cDIET, resulting in a 53.9% increase on H2 yield and a 9.1% increase on CH4 yield in the CBC group compared to SBC group. These findings can enrich knowledge gaps of electron transfer mechanisms modulated by microalgae biochar and may inspire more efficient AD processes

Simulation and techno-economical analysis on the pyrolysis process of waste tire

Waste tires are more and more produced with the fast development of the auto industry and transportation and the traditional disposal method of landfill and dumping has been forbidden by many countries. It is important to choose effective disposal methods for a circular economy and sustainable development strategy. In this paper, we reviewed the different disposal ways of waste tires, analyzed their advantages and disadvantages, and thought pyrolysis is the most promising method. To evaluate the techno-economical performance of the pyrolysis process, the simulation model was built based on the pyrolysis process kinetics, and the further processing of pyrolysis oil and carbon was also considered in the simulation model. Different waste tires processing capacities were simulated and the results showed that under the low processing capacity of 20,000 ton/a, the profit of waste tire pyrolysis treatment is very low and the investment payback period is as long as about 76 years, whereas when the processing capacity reaches 50,000 tons per year, it will have a good profit and the investment payback period is shortened to 3.6 years. Further increasing the processing capacity will result in an approximately linear increase in revenue, but only a slow investment payback period