Impact of Moringa olifera leaves or saccharomyces supplementation on carcass quality, mRNA of heat shock proteins and antioxidants in broilers exposed to heat stress

Application of natural feed additives with a view to enhance production performance, carcass quality and state of health has constituted an important request in production of poultry especially under heat stress conditions. This study aimed to investigate the impacts of dietary supplementation of Moringa oleifera and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on growth performance parameters, some blood biochemical findings, antioxidant status, relative mRNA of heat shock proteins HSP70 and HSP90 expressions and quality and antioxidant properties of breast meat in growing broilers exposed to heat stress. For this purpose, a total of 120 one-day-old chicks were randomly allotted into 6 dietary groups (T) with 20 chicks each, which were fed for 35 days with a basal diet. At the 21st day, Group T1 served as the negative control group unexposed to heat stress (21-22 °C). While, Group T2 served as the positive control group exposed to heat stress (33-35 °C) and relative humidity (64± 2).While, Groups T3, T4 and T5 served as experimental groups exposed to heat stress (33-35 °C) and humidity (64± 2) and supplemented with 2%, 4% and 6% of Moringa oleifera leaves (MOL), respectively, and Group T6 served as experimental group exposed to heat stress (33-35 °C) and humidity (64± 2) supplemented with 5% of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC). The obtained results showed that MOL and SC dietary supplementation to basal diet in groups T3, T4, T5 and T6 resulted in improved growth performance parameters (increased final B.W, BWG and F.I), improved liver and kidney function (reduced serum AST, ALT, creatinine and uric acid level), improved antioxidant status (reduced serum MDA levels and increased serum CAT, SOD and GPx activities), down-regulated relative HSP70 and HSP 90 mRNA expressions and improved breast meat quality (increased pH value, decreased drip loss, lower L* and higher a* and b*, increased protein and decreased fat contents and reduced TBARS contents) as compared to birds in group T2. In conclusion, the Moringa olifera leaves and Saccharomyces cerevisiae dietary supplementation to basal diet of heat-stressed broilers mitigated heat stress negative impacts: enhanced growth performance, antioxidant capacity, controlled HSP70 and HSP 90 relative mRNA expressions and improved breast meat quality and its oxidative state

Feed intake, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen utilization, and ruminal fermentation activities in sheep fed Atriplex halimus ensiled with three developed enzyme cocktails

The effects of feeding Atriplex halimus treated with three developed enzyme cocktails to Barki sheep on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, N utilization, and ruminal fermentation were assessed. A. halimus was ensiled with two developed enzyme cocktails of ZAD1® (Z1) and/or ZAD2® (Z2) as liquid enzyme preparations (2 l/t) with 5% molasses and ensiled for 30 days. Three Barki rams (45 ± 3.2 kg) were used per treatment in five consecutive digestibility trials, while three ewes fitted with a permanent rumen fistula were used as source of inoculum for in vitro rumen fermentation trials. Barley grain (300 g/animal/day) was fed as energy supplement during the experimental trial for all diets. Five diets were composed as follows: A. halimus (leaves and stems) (D1); untreated A. halimus plus 4 g/animal/day ZADO® (Z) (enzyme preparation in powder form) (D2); A. halimus ensiled with Z1 and barley plus 4 g/animal/day Z (D3); A. halimus ensiled with Z2 and barley (D3) plus 4 g/animal/day Z (D4); A. halimus ensiled with a combination of Z1 and Z2 (1 :1) and barley plus 4 g/head/day Z (D5). For all trials, ad libitum A. halimus was offered twice a day at 9:00 and 16:00 h while barley grain was given once a day at 10:00 h. Both D1 and D2 diets increased (P <0.001) dry matter intake of A. halimus and total dry matter intake. Addition of 4 g/day of Z to Z1 and/or Z2 ensiled diets improved (P < 0.0001) organic matter, crude protein, crude fibre, and neutral detergent fibre digestibilities. Diets D1 and D2 increased (P < 0.001) N intake, whereas the direct addition of Z to D3, D4, and D5 decreased (P < 0.001) N balance and N balance/N absorption ratio. Sheep fed on Z in addition to Z2 ensiled A. halimus showed higher improvements for total volatile fatty acids (P < 0.001), ammonia N (P = 0.007), and microbial protein production (P = 0.003). It can be concluded that feeding sheep on A. halimus ensiled with Z1 and Z2 with direct feeding of Z enzyme preparation improved intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance and utilization, as well as rumen fermentation

Effect of Mediterranean saltbush (Atriplex halimus) ensilaging with two developed enzyme cocktails on feed intake, nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation in sheep

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of feeding Atriplex halimus (AH) silage treated with two developed enzyme cocktails to sheep on feed intake, nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation. The AH silage was treated without or with 2 L of ZAD1® or ZAD2®/1000 kg with 5% molasses and ensiled for 30 days. Barley grain (300 g/head/day) was fed as an energy supplement once daily at 10.00 hours and AH silage with or without enzyme treatment was offered ad libitum to animals twice daily at 09.00 and 16.00 hours. Sheep were fed on four experimental forage diets comprised of AH silage and barley (D1), AH silage treated with ZAD1® and barley (D2), AH silage treated with ZAD2® and barley (D3) and AH silage treated with a combination of ZAD1® and ZAD2® (1:1) and barley (D4). Ensiling AH with enzymes reduced its contents of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber. The dry matter intake of AH of D2, D3 and D4 decreased (P < 0.001) as compared to D1. However, enzyme-treated diets had greater total digestible nutrients intake (P < 0.001) as compared to D1. The nutrients digestibility for D2, D3 and D4 were higher than those for D1 (P < 0.001), and were higher for D3 as compared to both D2 and D4. Sheep fed on D3 had highest (P < 0.001) ruminal total volatile fatty acids concentration, ammonia nitrogen concentration and microbial protein yield. It could be concluded that AH silage treated with ZAD1® or ZAD2® improved digestibility and rumen fermentation in sheep

Molecular Characterization, Hematobiochemical Changes and Therapeutic Management of Tick Born Haemoparasites in Naturally Infected Cattle

In this study, examination of infected cattle infested with tick, identification of collected tick samples were based on the12S rDNA PCR products as Rhipicephalus annulatus, the GenBank accession number is (OP650242). A total of 72 blood samples from crossbred cattle of both sexes were examined clinically and in the laboratory. Out of these, 43 cattle were healthy, while 19 (26.38%) had theileriosis and 10 (13.88%) had babesiosis. Hemogram analysis revealed distinct anemia patterns, with Babesia-infected cattle displaying macrocytic hypochromic anemia and theileria-infected ones showing normocytic normochromic anemia, both with reduced platelet counts. Babesia-infected cattle had elevated total leukocyte counts, neutrophilia, eosinophilia, and lymphopenia, while Theileria-infected cattle had decreased total leukocyte counts, neutropenia, lymphocytosis, and eosinophilia. In infected cattle, serum biochemistry showed increased ALT, AST, creatinine, and urea levels in both Babesia and Theileria infections. There was decreased serum protein, and albumin, in both cases. Oxidative stress revealed elevated serum malonaldehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and   catalase (CAT) levels in infected animals compared to controls. After administering Imidocarb dipropionate (1mg/kg S/C) and Buparvaquone (1ml/20kg I/M) to animals with babesiosis and theileriosis, respectively, there was a positive change in the hematological and biochemical measures, bringing them closer to the normal values. There is a genuine danger to the cattle industry in Egypt due to the existence of babesiosis, theileriosis, and their vector. Modern techniques like PCR should be utilized for precise monitoring and to prevent spread of such diseases. Furthermore, adverse effect of babesia and theileria on hematological and biochemical parameters can be eliminated through the appropriate use of Imidocarb dipropionate and Buparvaquone for babesiosis and theileriosis respectively

Marbofloxacin Influence on Haemato-biochemical Alterations in Diarrheic Calves Infected with Salmonella spp.

Salmonella spp.; a major zoonotic pathogen worldwide could cause serious diseases that hinder the productivity in calf farms. This study discussed the antibacterial efficacy of the Marbofloxacin drug in calves affected with Salmonella spp. and how it impacted the animal body’s haemato-biochemical changes. Salmonella spp. was isolated from diarrheic cases (18.8%) along with other bacteria which were also isolated in varying degrees. Salmonella isolates exhibited multiple serovars’ identities. Also, they exhibited a multidrug resistant (MDR) pattern. Moreover, PCR approach confirmed both genotypic and phenotypic resistance traits of highly virulent MDR Salmonella isolates. In a trial to evaluate the anti-Salmonella effect of the Marbofloxacin drug, three groups of calves were divided; the first group (G1) was diarrheic without any drug administration, the second (G2) was diarrheic but intramuscularly administered with Marbofloxacin (2ml/50 Kg B.W.) while the control (healthy) group was (G3). The haemato-biochemical results of Salmonella infected group recorded significant increases in RBCs count, PCV, Hb, and leukocytes with marked neutrophilia, monocytosis, and lymphopenia. Moreover, high rates of AST, ALT, urea and creatinine were recorded as well as serum globulin (P&lt;0.05) was extremely increased. Also, a high increase of serum potassium but with notably limited levels of both glucose and sodium was stated. Meanwhile, after treatment, all haemato-biochemical and mineral parameters in G2 were completely improved. In conclusion, the Marbofloxacin drug impacted positively on animal health and in vitro, it completely overcomes calf Salmonella infection which in turn enhances the growth curves of these animals and considerable financial profits.

Modulatory Effect of Synbiotic and/or Antibiotic on Biochemical Indices, Gene Expression and Meat Quality of Broiler Chicken Challenged with Clostridium Perfringens

Synbiotic and/or antibiotic supplementation effect on biochemical parameters, gene expression, meat quality, and antibiotic residues were evaluated in this study involving broilers challenged with Clostridium perfringens bacteria. A total of 120 one-day chicks were divided into five groups. Group A and B were control negative and control positive. Group C supplemented with synbiotic (PoultryStar®). Group D supplemented with antibiotic (Flagymox®). Group E supplemented with mixed antibiotic and synbiotic. On the 14th day, all groups except group A were inoculated with Clostridium perfringens bacteria. Supplementation of synbiotic alone or in combination with antibiotic resulted in improving the serum protein and albumin levels, glucose concentrations, liver enzymes (AST, ALT and ALP), serum creatinine, uric acid, oxidative and anti-oxidative activities (decrease MDA and increased SOD, CAT and GPx activities). The expression of IL10, CAT, SOD and GPx mRNA was upregulated. Additionally, there was an improvement in meat quality (elevated protein and low fat contents and reduced TBARS contents, with no effect on moisture or ash content). However, antibiotic supplementation revealed antibiotic residues in meats of broilers. In conclusion, synbiotic supplementation shows potential in mitigating necrotic enteritis and can play role as alternative to antibiotics for broilers infected with Clostridium perfringens

A Comprehensive Insight on the Health Benefits and Phytoconstituents of Camellia sinensis and Recent Approaches for Its Quality Control

Tea, Camellia sinensis, which belongs to the family Theaceae, is a shrub or evergreen tree up to 16 m in height. Green tea is very popular because of its marked health benefits comprising its anticancer, anti-oxidant, and antimicrobial activities, as well as its effectiveness in reducing body weight. Additionally, it was recognized by Chinese people as an effective traditional drink required for the prophylaxis against many health ailments. This is due to the complex chemical composition of green tea, which comprises different classes of chemical compounds, such as polyphenols, alkaloids, proteins, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, and others. The beneficial health effects of green tea ultimately led to its great consumption and increase its liability to be adulterated by either low-quality or non-green tea products with concomitant decrease in activity. Thus, in this review, green tea was selected to highlight its health benefits and phytoconstituents, as well as recent approaches for its quality-control monitoring that guarantee its incorporation in many pharmaceutical industries. More research is needed to find out other more biological activities, active constituents, and other simple and cheap techniques for its quality assurance that ascertain the prevention of its adulteration

Comorbidity of depression and anxiety with obstructive sleep apnea in a sample of Egyptian patients

Abstract Background Over the past 2 decades, sleep researchers have made significant advances in understanding sleep disorders including obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). OSA commonly coexists with psychiatric disorders encompassing mental health issues like depression, anxiety, bipolar, schizophrenia an others. This study aims to assess the comorbidity of OSA with depression and anxiety disorders among Egyptian patients. During the study, we conducted a cross-sectional study involving 92 adults diagnosed with OSA. Those patients were interviewed using a checklist to gather information regarding their chief complaints and other associated symptoms. The psychological status was assessed utilizing the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID I), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scoring. The severity of the breathing disorder was classified as mild, moderate, or severe based on the respiratory disturbance index (RDI), which was confirmed through overnight polysomnography. Daytime sleepiness was assessed by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). Results The sample of patients as a whole shows that witnessed apneas represent the highest percentage (70.7%), followed by fatigue (69.6%), then non-refreshing sleep (67.4%), and snores (63.0%). The least frequent presenting symptom is frequent naps. The majority of OSA patients have a comorbid psychiatric disorder (65.0%). Among these, depressive disorders are the most prevalent (31.5%), followed by anxiety disorders (23.9%) and psychoses (6.5%). It is worth noting that 38% of OSA patients do not have any psychiatric disorders. In terms of anxiety disorders, the most common subtype observed is OCD (8.7%), followed by GAD (6.5%), panic (5%), and PTSD (3.3%). As regards depressive disorders, the predominant subtype present is depressive disorder not otherwise specified (11.9%), followed by dysthymic disorder and major depressive disorder (8.7% for each), and then bipolar disorder (depression) at 2.2%. Conclusions We conclude the following: 1. OSA patients are likely to present with comorbid depression and/or anxiety disorder(s). 2. Fatigue was found to be the most prevalent presenting symptom in OSA patients with comorbid anxiety compared to those without anxiety

Chemical Profiling, Antioxidant, Cytotoxic Activities and Molecular Docking Simulation of Carrichtera annua DC. (Cruciferae)

Our investigation intended to analyze the chemical composition and the antioxidant activity of Carrichtera annua and to evaluate the antiproliferative effect of C. annua crude and phenolics extracts by MTT assay on a panel of cancerous and non-cancerous breast and liver cell lines. The total flavonoid and phenolic contents of C. annua were 47.3 &plusmn; 17.9 mg RE/g and 83.8 &plusmn; 5.3 mg respectively. C. annua extract exhibited remarkable antioxidant capacity (50.92 &plusmn; 5.64 mg GAE/g) in comparison with BHT (74.86 &plusmn; 3.92 mg GAE/g). Moreover, the extract exhibited promising reduction ability (1.17 mMol Fe+2/g) in comparison to the positive control (ascorbic acid with 2.75 &plusmn; 0.91) and it displayed some definite radical scavenging effect on DPPH (IC50 values of 211.9 &plusmn; 3.7 &micro;g/mL). Chemical profiling of C. annua extract was achieved by LC-ESI-TOF-MS/MS analysis. Forty-nine hits mainly polyphenols were detected. Flavonoid fraction of C. annua was more active than the crude extract. It demonstrated selective cytotoxicity against the MCF-7 and HepG2 cells (IC50 = 13.04 and 19.3 &micro;g/mL respectively), induced cell cycle arrest at pre-G1 and G2/M-phases and displayed apoptotic effect. Molecular docking studies supported our findings and revealed that kaempferol-3,7-O-bis-&alpha;-L-rhamnoside and kaempferol-3-rutinoside were the most active inhibitors of Bcl-2. Therefore, C. annua herb seems to be a promising candidate to further advance anticancer research. In extrapolation, the intake of C. annua phenolics might be adventitious for alleviating breast and liver malignancies and tumoral proliferation in humans

Novel <i>Siprulina platensis</i> Bilosomes for Combating UVB Induced Skin Damage

The recent interest in bioactive compounds from natural sources has led to the evolution of the skin care industry. Efforts to develop biologically active ingredients from natural sources have resulted in the emergence of enhanced skin care products. Spirulina (SPR), a nutritionally enriched cyanobacteria-type microalga, is rich in nutrients and phytochemicals. SPR possesses antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities. Spirulina-loaded bilosomes (SPR-BS), a novel antiaging drug delivery system, were designed for the first time by incorporation in a lecithin–bile salt-integrated system for bypassing skin delivery obstacles. The optimized BS had good entrapment efficiency, small particle size, optimal zeta potential, and sustained drug release pattern. Blank and SPR-loaded BS formulations were safe, with a primary irritancy index of <2 based on the Draize test. In vivo tests were conducted, and photoprotective antiaging effects were evaluated visually and biochemically by analyzing antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-wrinkling markers following ultraviolet (UV) B irradiation. Results of biochemical marker analysis and histopathological examination confirmed the superior antiaging effect of SPR-BS compared with SPR. Thus, SPR-loaded BS is a promising nanoplatform for SPR delivery, can be used for treating UV-induced skin damage, and offers maximum therapeutic outcomes