Low-temperature structural transition in FeCr_2S_4

Transmission electron microscopy studies of [110] and [111] oriented FeCr_2S_4 single crystals at different temperatures reveal a structural transition at low temperatures indicating a cubic-to-triclinic symmetry reduction within crystallographic domains. The overall crystal symmetry was found to be reduced from Fd3m to F-43m. The triclinic distortions were suggested to result from the combined actions of tetragonal distortions due to the Jahn-Teller active Fe^2+ ions and trigonal distortions due to a displacement of the Cr^3+ ions in the direction.Comment: 4 pages, 8 figure

The Economic Status of Elderly Divorced Women

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Nucleon and nuclear structure functions with non-perturbative and higher order perturbative QCD effects

We have studied the nucleon structure functions $F_{iN}^{EM} (x,Q^2);~i=1,2$, by including contributions due to the higher order perturbative QCD effect up to NNLO and the non-perturbative effects due to the kinematical and dynamical higher twist (HT) effects. The numerical results for $F_{iN}^{EM}(x,Q^2)$ are obtained using Martin, Motylinski, Harland-Lang, Thorne (MMHT) 2014 NLO and NNLO nucleon parton distribution functions (PDFs). The dynamical HT correction has been included following the renormalon approach as well as the phenomenological approach and the kinematical HT effect is incorporated using the works of Schienbein et al. These nucleon structure functions have been used as an input to calculate the nuclear structure functions $F_{iA}^{EM} (x,Q^2)$. In a nucleus, the nuclear corrections arise because of the Fermi motion, binding energy, nucleon correlations, mesonic contribution, shadowing and antishadowing effects. These nuclear corrections are taken into account in the numerical calculations to obtain the nuclear structure functions $F_{iA}^{EM} (x,Q^2)$, for the various nuclear targets like $^{12}C$, $^{27}Al$, $^{56}Fe$, $^{64}Cu$, $^{118}Sn$, $^{197}Au$ and $^{208}Pb$ which are of experimental interest. The effect of isoscalarity correction for nonisoscalar nuclear targets has also been studied. The results for the $F_{iA}^{EM} (x,Q^2)$ are compared with nCTEQ nuclear PDFs parameterization as well as with the experimental results from JLab, SLAC and NMC in the kinematic region of $0.1 \le x \le 0.8$ for several nuclei.Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1705.0990

Electromagnetic and Weak Nuclear Structure Functions F1,2(x,Q2)F_{1,2}(x,Q^2) in the Intermediate Region of Q2Q^2

We have studied nuclear structure functions $F_{1A}(x,Q^2)$ and $F_{2A}(x,Q^2)$ for electromagnetic and weak processes in the region of $1 GeV^2 < Q^2 <8 GeV^2$. The nuclear medium effects arising due to Fermi motion, binding energy, nucleon correlations, mesonic contributions and shadowing effects are taken into account using a many body field theoretical approach. The calculations are performed in a local density approximation using a relativistic nucleon spectral function. The results are compared with the available experimental data. Implications of nuclear medium effects on the validity of Callan-Gross relation are also discussed.Comment: Published in Journal of the Physical Society of Japan (NuInt-2015

Effects of pyramidal training on school psychologist and teacher implementation of trial-based function analysis

Educators often seek consultation with school psychologists for the assessment of problem behavior and the development of intervention plans to address problem behavior. School psychologists typically conduct functional based assessments (FBA) using indirect and direct observations of the target student prior to. Research has indicated that descriptive assessments are not always reliable indicators of behavioral function, and thus should not be used exclusively when conducting FBA (e.g., Hall, 2005; Lerman and Iwata, 1993; St. Peter et al., 2005, Thompson and Iwata, 2007). Trial-based functional analysis (FA) is an alternative, brief yet rigorous assessment designed to accurately determine the function of students' problem behavior in the classroom setting (Bloom et al., 2013; Sigafoos and Saggers, 1995). To empower teachers and increase their efficacy in assessing problem behavior, school consultants can train a group of educators to conduct trial-based FA using a pyramidal approach. This training model allows a consultant to train a small group of supervisors (e.g., school psychologists) who in turn train and support other educators (Page et al., 1982). Ultimately, the consultant will work him/herself out of the role as supervisors become the in-house individuals providing training and support directly to teachers. This study addressed significant gaps in literature by evaluating the effectiveness of pyramidal training procedure to train school psychologists and general education teachers to implement trial-based FA with high integrity. Three school psychologists were trained in a group format via didactic presentation and Behavioral Skills Training (BST) which included instruction, models, rehearsal, and feedback. During baseline, the mean fidelity to implement trial-based FA for school psychologists was 52.21 percent. After completion of training, their mean fidelity increased to 97.07 percent. School psychologists each trained one general education teacher using the same training protocol. General education teachers also improved their mean fidelity to implement trial-based FA accurately from 40.50 percent at baseline to 97.38 percent after training. Results suggest that general education teachers can be trained by school psychologists using the pyramidal training method to conduct trial-based FA with a high degree of procedural fidelity.Includes bibliographical references

A comparative study between x-rays and gamma-rays irradiation on electrical characteristics of bipolar junction transistors (BJTS)

Irradiation impact of gamma rays and X-rays on bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) in terms of electronic excitation due to transfer of energy and subsequent ionization, as well as energy transfer to atomic nuclei is studied using in-situ method. Comparison is made on the electrical characteristics of the devices under test (DUT) for various collecting current at two different operating mode. Both temporary and permanent damages in DUTs are found to be induced by energy transfer from the irradiation by gamma-rays and X-rays, depending upon total dose absorbed and current drive. Increased probability of recombination, due to creation of electron–hole pairs at the base region is found to be the most significant radiation damage in BJTs, as it leads to decrease in electron flux reaching the collector region