INCOME DISPARITIES, ECONOMIC GROWTH, AND DEVELOPMENT AS A THRESHOLD

Galor and Moav (2004) argue that in the early stages of development, physical capital accumulation is the primary source of economic growth. Thus, inequality enhances growth by channeling resources towards individuals whose marginal propensity to save is higher. In later stages of development, physical capital is replaced by human capital as the engine of growth. Accordingly, equality alleviates the adverse effects of credit constraints on human capital accumulation and prompts the growth process. This paper attempts to test empirically the finding that the impact of income inequality on economic growth depends on the development stage. A threshold estimation technique, developed by Hansen (1999), is utilized for a panel of 70 countries for the period between 1970 and 1999. The estimation suggests that there is a statistically significant threshold income per capita, below which the coefficient on the relationship between inequality and growth is significantly negative and above which the estimate is positive, but not statistically significant.Income Inequality, Economic Growth

THE IMPACT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN ACHIEVING THE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE OF THE HORTICULTURAL SECTOR: A CASE STUDY OF KHARTOUM STAT (2011-2021)

The study focuses on the impact of strategic leadership on the competitive advantage by applying it to the horticultural sector in Sudan, Khartoum State, it is an applied and analytical study carried out in the periods (2013-2022). The statement of research problem is that, there is a defect in the competitive advantage of horticultural sector as a result of improper application of strategic leadership. The research main question was that, is there an impact of applying, the strategic leadership on competitive advantage of horticulture sector in Khartoum State? The research aims at identifying the relationship between strategic leadership and competitive advantage in the horticultural sector in Khartoum state. The study reached out a number of results most important of it: it works to enhance the competitive advantage between organizations, namely organizations concerned with the agricultural sector. Concentration on leadership and pioneers has become an urgent necessity to keep pace with the rapid development in various sciences, especially agricultural sciences. The study recommended, that attention should be made to infrastructure and export including but not limited to transportation, communication, storage, cooling, packaging, repackaging and display, which had a significant impact on Sudanese exports, facilitating the import of improved seeds and working to establish the seed industry locally, exempting horticultural crops from all fees and taxes, urging organizations to import fertilizers and pesticides to treat horticultural crops, and exempt them from customs duties, producing horticultural crops that compete in the markets by paying attention to fight pests that prevent the growth of crops, distorts their shape, and deviate them from competition in global markets. The study recommended that, there should be an integrated marketing information center to be close to embassies, economic and commercial attaches, encouraging participation in foreign fairs, creating partnerships with foreign investors in the field of horticultural exports marketing to create opportunities in global markets.JEL: Q10; Q13; O12  Article visualizations

Advanced Generalist Practice and Research

Social work practitioners are required to have the competence of advanced generalist practice skills toprovide appropriate social services to clients with various problems in a current complex society. For the competence of advanced generalist practice, one of the essential components is gaining research knowledge and skills to provide appropriate interventions. Social work practitioners need to have researc skills to utilize many scientific research publications and to directly evaluate unique client needs, effectiveness of the delivery system, and intervention results in a particular environment. Research skills will improve the accountability of social work practitioners and increase the satisfaction of clients. Thus, this author suggests that social work students need to actively participate in research projects to maximize their research knowledge and skills for future evidence-based advanced generalist practice

Decentralized optimal control in descriptor systems

Application of Matrix Minimum Principle to a linear decentralized optimal control in descriptor systems is studied in this thesis. Linear-quadratic index of performance with Gaussian initial state is considered. The necessary and sufficient conditions for optimality are derived An additional constraint is imposed such that the controllers are linear function of output y(t) rather than of the state vector x(t). The optimal gain matrix Gi* is then specified by the necessary conditions. Two examples are developed to illustrate the concept

Georges Simenon, Inspector Maigret and his relevance to the practice of Neurology

Georges Simenon's work, including his famous 'romans durs' novels and the forensic investigations carried out by his artistic creation, Inspector Maigret, bear many similarities to some of the diagnostic methods of the founders of Neurology, particularly Jean-Martin Charcot

A review of decentralization and local development initiatives in Egypt between the years of 1994 and 2011

The purpose of this research is to review what main decentralization initiatives have implemented in the area of decentralization and local development in Egypt, what has been achieved, and what is needed to be implemented in order to move forward in the decentralization process. Decentralization could be a solution to the local administration efficiency, which can be applied also at the central level. This research is a qualitative research done through structured interviewing and filled questionnaires from senior officials at the central government and by informant people that are experts in the area of decentralization improving local administration and development. The findings were concluded from historic data, previous research in the area, also from the responses of interviews with experts in the field as well as the assessments from donor organizations, donors evaluation sheets and general observation. The good governance model has been utilized for the review of key decentralization and local development initiatives in Egypt. Finally, alternative solutions to the asked question and policy recommendations are provided in order to move forward in the process of decentralization, aiming for a better future in Egypt

Collocation algorithms and error analysis for approximate solutions of ordinary differential equations

PhD ThesisThis thesis is mainly concerned with an error analysis of numerical methods for two point boundary value problems. in particular for the method of collocation using polynomial and certain piecewise polynomial bases. As in previous work on strict error bounds an operator theoretical approach is taken. The setting for the theory and the principal results for later use are firstly considered. Then two types of 'a posteriori' error bounds are developed. These"bounds are made computable by relating the inverse of the approximating operator to the inverse of certain matrices formed in the actual application of the approximation method. The application of this theory to the numerical solution of linear two point boundary value problems is then considered. It is demonstrated how the differential equation can be split to fit into the setting required by the theory. It is also demonstrated how the global and the piecewise collocation method can be expressed in terms of a projection method applied to the operator equation. The conditions required by the theory are expressed in terms of continuity requirements on the coefficients of the differential equation and in terms of the distribution of the collocation points. In examining these bounds on a variety of problems. it is noticed that with some problems the conditions for applicability may not hold except for more points than one actually required to obtain a satisfactory solution. To improve the applicability. the theory is reconsidered with a different splitting of the differential equation. The method of collocation is expressed accordingly in terms of a new projection operator which is proved to have some nice properties in practice. This new approach is then compared with the original one and it is shown to be superior on various problems. By examining the inverse differential operator and the residual improved error bounds and estimates are shown to be obtainable. These estimates are tested in a large variety of examples and some graphs are presented to describe their behaviour in more detail. Finally these estimates are used to develop various adaptive mesh selection algorithms for solving two point boundary value problems. These strategies are tested and compared in several representative examples and some conclusions are drawn. The thesis concludes with a brief review of the work with an indication of possible improvements and extensions

Effect of Breast Cyst Fluid on Oestrone Sulphatase Activity in Breast Cancer Celllines

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide. Although breast cancers are generally oestrogen receptor positive initially, a substantial proportion become oestrogen receptor negative. Oestrogen receptor positive breast cancers are associated with a better prognosis than oestrogen receptor negative breast cancers as they are more responsive to hormonal therapy. Breast cyst fluid (BCF) is known to be a rich source of steroid hormones and growth factors. These substances may have significant effects on mammary epithelial cell growth and oestrogen metabolism in the breast and may, thus, play important roles in the pathophysiology and development of breast cancer. Oestrone sulphate acts as a large reservoir of active oestrogens in the breast and is converted to oestrone by the enzyme oestrone sulphatase. The aims of the present study were to assess the effects of BCF on cell growth of, and oestrone sulphatase activity in the MCF-7 oestroge