Energy end-use technologies for the 21st century

The World Energy Council’s recent study examined the potential of energy end-use technologies and of research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) into these technologies on a global scale. Surprises are likely, but nevertheless, current research and development offer a picture of what might happen in the future as new technologies face the competition of the marketplace. Given the breadth of energy end-use technologies and the differences between regions and economic conditions, the study focused on technologies that appear most important from today’s vantage point. Globally, robust research and development followed by demonstrations of new end-use technologies can potentially save at least 110 EJ/year by 2020 and over 300 EJ/year by 2050. If achieved, this translates to worldwide energy savings of as much as 25% by 2020 and over 40% by 2050, over what may be required without these technologies. It is almost certain that no single technology, or even a small set of technologies, will dominate in meeting the needs of the globe in any foreseeable timeframe. Absent a significant joint government–industry effort on end-use technology RD&D, the technologies needed will not be ready for the marketplace in the timeframes required with even the most pessimistic scenarios. Based on previous detailed analyses for the United States, an international expenditure of $4 billion per year seems more than justified. The success of new energy end-use technologies depends on new RD&D investments and policy decisions made today. Governments, in close cooperation with industry, must carefully consider RD&D incentives that can help get technologies from the laboratory or test-bed to market. Any short-term impact areas are likely to benefit from focused RD&D. These include electricity transmission and distribution, distributed electricity production, transportation, the production of paper and pulp, iron and steel, aluminum, cement and chemicals, and information and communication technologies. For long-term impact, significant areas include fuel cells, hydrogen fuel, and integrated multi-task energy systems

Energy End-Use Technologies for the 21st Century. A Report of the World Energy Council

This report makes clear the opportunities and places technology development firmly centre stage in meeting and overcoming the challenges confronting the energy industry and policy makers. Energy End-Use Technologies for the 21st Century makes it crystal clear that technologies deployed in 20 to 50 years will be the result of policy and funding decisions taken now and that we cannot afford to duck these decisions if we are to meet the World Energy Council’s goals of energy availability, accessibility and acceptability

Solcellssystem i svenska byggnader: F\uf6ruts\ue4ttningar relaterade till l\uf6nsamhet och montage

As a result of decreased solar photovoltaic (PV) system prices, the Swedish PV market has grown rapidly the last few years, with the majority of new capacity installed inbuildings. However, the market is still small and this licentiate thesis therefore aims to help facilitating for a continued positive development by adding to the knowledge about conditions related to PV in Swedish buildings. The thesis includes two separate studies. The first study describes how existing PV systems in Sweden are mounted. It comprises 444 systems larger than 10 kWp. A majority of the systems were found on rooftops and only about 10 % on fa\ue7ades. Most of the modules on steep-slope roofs were mounted parallel to the roof, while on lowslope roofs, tilted modules fixed to the roof were the most common, followed by horizontal systems. An increasing share of ballast-only systems on flat roofs could beseen. Historically, PV modules used as shading devices has been the most popular choice for fa\ue7ades, but in 2013, a majority of the fa\ue7ade systems had vertically applied modules. In general, the initial development of a Swedish PV market has been successful and there has been a smooth transition to more and larger systems onbuildings. In many ways, this is thanks to a fully developed European market. The second study examines how the profitability of a solar PV investment is influenced by building-specific parameters as well as current economic conditions. Analyses were conducted for 108 electricity supply points in multifamily buildings and 16 in other buildings. First, PV systems were sized to give the highest net present values (NPVs) only considering fuse size and hourly demand matched to simulated PV generation. In a scenario with a 20 % investment subsidy, this resulted in positive NPVs for 56 % of the studied supply points. A scenario with tax rebates based on grid feed-ins resulted in a slightly smaller share of profitable systems. It was shown that this support scheme with tax rebate promotes relatively large systems compared to the subsidy, although with a much higher risk. In a scenario with both support schemes, nearly all systems turned out profitable. Also considering the orientation of existing roofs drastically decreased the share of profitable system among the multifamily buildings, while a large share of the systems in other buildings remained profitable. Lastly, it was shown that the main fuse size and the yearly load had a substantial influence on the profitability

"Hitta på något själv..hm..så att det blir jämnt?" : En kvalitativ studie av elevers resonemang vid lösning av matematiska problem om lika med

Internationell forskning visar att svenska elever presterar sämre i matematik i jämförelse med genomsnittet av elever i andra länder, där en förklaring tycks vara att eleverna inte har en full förståelse för begreppet lika med vid ekvationslösning. En annan förklaringsmodell kan vara att elevers resonemang tenderar att vara imitativa istället för baserade på matematisk grund. Kreativa resonemang däremot, som behövs för att skapa duktiga problemlösare, kräver att eleven verkligen använder den matematiska grunden. Denna studie undersöker elevers matematiska resonemang vid lösning av problem baserade på begreppet lika med. Elever i årskurs 2 har genom kvalitativ metod studerats med hjälp av videoobservationer när de enskilt i en laborationsliknande situation löst problemuppgifter om lika med. Resultaten visar på en ovanligt stor mängd kreativa resonemang. Tidigare studier avseende elevers matematiska resonemang har gjorts på äldre elever, vilket kan vara en av förklaringarna till detta avvikande resultat.

"Hitta på något själv..hm..så att det blir jämnt?" : En kvalitativ studie av elevers resonemang vid lösning av matematiska problem om lika med

Internationell forskning visar att svenska elever presterar sämre i matematik i jämförelse med genomsnittet av elever i andra länder, där en förklaring tycks vara att eleverna inte har en full förståelse för begreppet lika med vid ekvationslösning. En annan förklaringsmodell kan vara att elevers resonemang tenderar att vara imitativa istället för baserade på matematisk grund. Kreativa resonemang däremot, som behövs för att skapa duktiga problemlösare, kräver att eleven verkligen använder den matematiska grunden. Denna studie undersöker elevers matematiska resonemang vid lösning av problem baserade på begreppet lika med. Elever i årskurs 2 har genom kvalitativ metod studerats med hjälp av videoobservationer när de enskilt i en laborationsliknande situation löst problemuppgifter om lika med. Resultaten visar på en ovanligt stor mängd kreativa resonemang. Tidigare studier avseende elevers matematiska resonemang har gjorts på äldre elever, vilket kan vara en av förklaringarna till detta avvikande resultat.

Internal Issue Selling : An individual perspective on the issue selling process within the subsidiary

The traditional issue selling process refers to strategic actions taken at a subsidiary in order to gain attention from the HQ. This study aims to broaden the theories on issue selling to also cover internal issue selling, which refers to the individual level of issue selling within a subsidiary. Further is attention and initiative taking worth investigating when studying issue selling, whereas these underlying constructs of issue selling are highlighted in the paper. For this specific study we have performed a case study with L’Oréal Sweden to investigate how the individuals are selling issues within the subsidiary. This micro-level focus of the issue selling process have the potential to contribute to an understanding of the process and the underlying constructs of issue selling on a macro perspective. The findings of this study indicate a tendency that issue selling exists on a subsidiary level. Thereby it could be argued that ideas and initiatives raised by the individuals within a subsidiary have the potential to generate in strategic and organizational improvements on a macro perspective for the MNC.

Internal Issue Selling : An individual perspective on the issue selling process within the subsidiary

The traditional issue selling process refers to strategic actions taken at a subsidiary in order to gain attention from the HQ. This study aims to broaden the theories on issue selling to also cover internal issue selling, which refers to the individual level of issue selling within a subsidiary. Further is attention and initiative taking worth investigating when studying issue selling, whereas these underlying constructs of issue selling are highlighted in the paper. For this specific study we have performed a case study with L’Oréal Sweden to investigate how the individuals are selling issues within the subsidiary. This micro-level focus of the issue selling process have the potential to contribute to an understanding of the process and the underlying constructs of issue selling on a macro perspective. The findings of this study indicate a tendency that issue selling exists on a subsidiary level. Thereby it could be argued that ideas and initiatives raised by the individuals within a subsidiary have the potential to generate in strategic and organizational improvements on a macro perspective for the MNC.