Trends in immediate postmastectomy breast reconstruction in the United Kingdom

The study aimed to evaluate local and national trends in immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) using the national English administrative records, Hospital Episode Statistics. Our prediction was an increase in implant-only and free flap procedures and a decline in latissimus flap reconstructions.Data from an oncoplastic center were interrogated to derive numbers of implant-only, autologous latissimus dorsi (LD), LD-assisted, and autologous pedicled or free flap IBR procedures performed between 2004 and 2013. Similarly, Hospital Episode Statistics data were used to quantify national trends in these procedures from 1996 to 2012 using a curve fitting analysis.National data suggest an increase in LD procedures between 1996 (n = 250) and 2002 (n = 958), a gradual rise until 2008 (n = 1398) followed by a decline until 2012 (n = 1090). As a percentage of total IBR, trends in LD flap reconstruction better fit a quadratic (R(2) = 0.97) than a linear function (R(2) = 0.63), confirming a proportional recent decline in LD flap procedures. Conversely, autologous (non-LD) flap reconstructions have increased (1996 = 0.44%; 2012 = 2.76%), whereas implant-only reconstructions have declined (1996 = 95.42%; 2012 = 84.92%). Locally, 70 implant-assisted LD procedures were performed in 2003 -2004, but only 2 were performed in 2012 to 2013.Implants are the most common IBR technique; autologous free flap procedures have increased, and pedicled LD flap procedures are in decline

Atypical Anaphylactic Reaction to Patent Blue During Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy for Breast Cancer

This paper provides new estimates of capital inputs in the Chinese economy. Estimates are made for the total economy (1953-2003), for the industrial sector (1978-2003) and for the manufacturing sector (1985-2003). The estimates for industry and manufacturing are broken down by thirty regions. The main contribution of this paperlies in constructing hitherto unvailable estimates of capital inputs at the level of Chinese regions. The paper makes a systematic attempt to apply SNA concepts to the estimation of Chinese capital inputs, according to the Perpetual Inventory Method. It makes a clear distinction between capital services and wealth capital stocks. After a general discussion of theoretical issues in capital measurement, the paper provides a detailed analysis of the relevant Chinese statistical concepts and data. It goes on to discuss previous capital estimates in the light of the modern conceptual and theoretical discussions. It ends with an explanation of the procedures followed in constructing the national and regional capital input series.

De-epithelialized Skin Flaps to Minimize Complications in Large Breast Reconstruction A Tailored Approach

Mastectomy and immediate reconstruction may be challenging in patients with large breasts, especially when significant ptosis is also present. Skin-reducing mastectomy (SRM) is usually indicated in these cases, although with increased morbidity. The aims of the study were to introduce 2 modifications of the classic technique and to incorporate them in the management algorithm to improve the outcomes. Twenty patients fulfilling the criteria for SRM underwent mastectomy and reconstruction either with the “classic SRM” (8 patients) or with 1 of the 2 modifications described here: modification A “vertical limb bridging” (for patients with very large breasts, 2 patients) and modification B “dual coverage” (for patients with moderate breasts, 10 patients). All reconstructions were performed using a slow progressive expansion of the implant. Herein, we describe the techniques along with the proposed indications for each one of them. There was no reconstruction failure, and all patients were satisfied with the final results. There were 2 cases with T junction, lateral skin flap partial ischemia managed with delayed revision of the wound on the fifth postoperative day to allow less skin excision. One patient (smoker) developed severe lower pole cellulitis, which was managed conservatively. Finally, 1 patient who underwent radiotherapy developed a late infected seroma, which was managed successfully with drainage and antibiotics. Overall, there was good lower pole projection even with the dual-coverage modification. Skin-reducing mastectomy can be tailored according to individual patient anatomy, and the high reported complication rate associated with this technique can be minimized using certain surgical modifications, tissue expanders with progressive inflation, and good patient selection

Patient-level costs of staged unilateral versus immediate bilateral symmetrization mammoplasty in breast-conserving surgery

BACKGROUND: Following therapeutic mammoplasty (TM), the contralateral breast may require a later balancing procedure to optimize shape and symmetry. The alternative is to offer patients simultaneous TM with immediate contralateral symmetrization via a dual-surgeon approach, with the goal of reducing costs and minimizing the number of subsequent hospital appointments in an era of COVID-19 surges. The aim of this cost-consequence analysis is to characterize the cost-benefit of immediate bilateral symmetrization dual-operator mammoplasty versus staged unilateral single operator for breast cancer surgery. METHOD: A prospective single-centre observational study was conducted at an academic teaching centre for breast cancer surgery in the UK. Pseudonymized data for clinicopathological variables and procedural care information, including the type of initial breast-conserving surgery and subsequent reoperation(s), were extracted from the electronic patient record. Financial data were retrieved using the Patient-Level Information and Costing Systems. RESULTS: Between April 2014 and March 2020, 232 women received either immediate bilateral (n = 44), staged unilateral (n = 57) for breast cancer, or unilateral mammoplasty alone (n = 131). The median (interquartile range (i.q.r.)) additional cost of unilateral mammoplasty with staged versus immediate bilateral mammoplasty was €5500 (€4330 to €6570) per patient (P < 0.001), which represents a total supplementary financial burden of €313 462 to the study institution. There was no significant difference between groups in age, Charlson comorbidity index, operating minutes, time to adjuvant radiotherapy in months, or duration of hospital stay. CONCLUSION: Synchronous dual-surgeon immediate bilateral TM can deliver safe immediate symmetrization and is financially beneficial, without delay to receipt of adjuvant therapy, or additional postoperative morbidity

Detection of Wilms' tumor antigen-specific CTL in tumor-draining lymph nodes of patients with early breast cancer

Purpose: The Wilms' tumor antigen (WT1) is overexpressed in ∼90% of breast tumors and, thus, is a potential target antigen for the immunotherapy of breast cancer. We have tested the working hypotheses that WT1 can be immunogenic in patients with breast cancer and can stimulate CTL of sufficient avidity to kill tumor cells. Experimental Design: Paired tumor-draining lymph node and peripheral blood samples were analyzed from five HLA-A2-positive patients with stage I/II breast cancer. Fluorescent HLA-A*201/WT1 tetramers were used to quantify WT1-specific CTL and the functional capacity of the CTL was assessed using cytotoxicity assays and intracellular cytokine staining. Results: WT1 tetramer - binding T cells expanded from all lymph node samples but none of the corresponding peripheral blood samples. Functional assays were carried out on T cells from the patient who had yielded the highest frequency of HLA-A*0201/WT1 tetramer-positive cells. The cytotoxicity assays showed WT1 peptide - specific killing activity of the CTL, whereas intracellular cytokine staining confirmed that the tetramer - positive T cells produced IFN-γ after stimulation with WT1 peptide. These WT1-specific T cells killed HLA-A2-positive breast cancer cell lines treated with IFN-γ but no killing was observed with untreated tumor cells. Conclusions: These results show that WT1-specific CTL can be expanded from the tumor-draining lymph nodes of breast cancer patients and that they can display peptide-specific effector function. However, the CTL only killed IFN-γ-treated tumor targets expressing high levels of HLA-A2 and not tumor cells with low HLA expression. This suggests that induction of autologous WT1-specific CTL may offer only limited tumor protection and that strategies that allow a high level of peptide/MHC complex presentation and/or improve CTL avidity may be required

Breast conserving surgery with preservation of the nipple-areola complex as a feasible and safe approach in male breast cancer: a case report

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>Breast cancer in men is rare. The evidence about treatment has been derived from data on the management of the disease in women. The usual treatment is for male patients to undergo modified radical mastectomy. There is insufficient experience of breast conserving surgery with preservation of the nipple. The management of patients who demand such an approach for personal reasons remains a challenge for both the surgeon and oncologist.</p> <p>Case presentation</p> <p>A 50-year-old man with a breast cancer was successfully managed with breast conserving surgery with nipple preservation combined with axillary clearance and postoperative radiotherapy, chemotherapy and hormone treatment. Since there are no similar cases in the literature, we discuss the feasibility, safety and possible indications of such an approach.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Despite the limited indications and evidence about the safety and efficacy of breast conserving surgery with nipple preservation in men with breast cancer, it is a feasible approach if other options are declined by the patient. More studies are necessary to reach firm conclusions about the safety of such an approach.</p