Le paradoxe de l’espace public dans la ville algérienne

Through its multiple functions, the city creates its own standards of living that are defined in the specificity of the urban milieu, in contrast to the rural milieu, i.e. the creation of a new type of relationship, a different family structure, and new ways of living, working, consuming and dwelling. Through the multiple sociocultural, economic and political particularities it engenders, the city creates a change in traditionally prescribed relationships leading to the relaxing of social constraints, thereby imposing the coexistence of heterogeneous elements: a situation that unfailingly leads to conflicts between different individuals, cultures and groups. For many years, the city has been subjected to very numerous ‘inflows’ of essentially rural population, little prepared, it is true, for a new urban lifestyle. This mass of country people that nurtured nostalgia for an illusion and had difficulty accepting indifference and detachment, ended up generating a new type of ‘city-dweller’, half-way between its rural roots that it has not shed, although they are increasingly denied by the new generations, and an urbanity to which everyone ardently aspires. From this cultural duality arose the hybrid concept of the ‘rurban’. In this regard, it should be pointed out that, through a rapid and massive concentration of population with country roots, pauperized and weakened in the city, an inescapable and fast-growing phenomenon of ruralization of society has appeared. The ruralization of the city has changed the face of the urban space with a combination of modernity and tradition. Public space continues to be marked by the duality of the population, which attempts to make a place for itself in the city by occupying the social and economic terrain. Public space is taken here as a privileged space for the development of games and stakes that are continuously done and undone at the expense of the marginalized and destitute. The city retains this specificity due to the fact that it remains a meltingpot for creativity, where  tradition and modernity are formed. The city is particularly distinguished by the original construction of the ‘Houma’ (neighbourhood) which is the public space par excellence where traditional life, based on morals, is perpetuated: respect for neighbours, decency, probity, … a space where social and community ties are redefined

Modelling of a transverse Vernier hybrid reluctance motor

This paper presents a modelling of a Transverse Vernier Hybrid Reluctance Motor (TVHRM). The geometry of the magnetic circuit of this latter is especially 3D. The use of the 3D finite element method to do the analysis and to predetermine the motor characteristics is more accurate, but with an important computational time which makes unpractical a parametric study. An analytical model which will allow a rapid investigation of the motor characteristics is a good compromise between accurate results and a weakly simulation time. This is done through two comparable models based both on the equivalent reluctance network method. These analytical models are compared to the 2D finite element one. Finally the predicted characteristics are estimated with the practical test results

Optimal number of routing paths in multi-path routing to minimize energy consumption in wireless sensor networks

In wireless sensor networks, multi-path routing is proposed for energy balancing which prolongs the network lifetime as compared to single-path routing where utilization of a single route between a source node and the base station results in imbalanced energy dissipation. While it is evident that increasing the number of routing paths mitigates the problem of energy over-utilization in a subset of nodes acting as relays, the net effect of the proliferation of multiple routing paths on energy balancing remains unclear. It is imperative to keep the number of routing paths as low as possible without significantly deteriorating the network lifetime; therefore, determination of the optimal number of routing paths in multi-path routing by considering the tradeoff in routing complexity and network lifetime extension is an interesting research problem. In this study, to investigate the impact of the number of routing paths in multi-path routing on network-wide energy balancing under optimal operating conditions, we build a novel mixed integer programming framework. We explore the parameter space consisting of a number of paths, number of nodes, maximum transmission range, network area, and network topology. The results of the analysis show that by utilizing the optimization scheme proposed, it is possible to achieve near-optimal energy consumption (within 1.0% neighborhood of the case where no restrictions are imposed on the number of routing paths in multi-path routing) using at most two paths for each node.Publisher's Versio