Removal of Suspended Solids Using Pumice Stone in Integrated Fixed Film Activated Sludge Process

عند انتهاء العمر التصميمي لمحطات المعالجة لابد من إجراء تعديلات للمحافظة على المردود، في الوقت الحاضر يفضل في محطات معالجة مياه الصرف الصحي القيام بالتعديلات وذلك لأنها أكثر فعالية من حيث التكلفة، وتستخدم الحوض الموجود بدلا من بناء أحواض جديدة، يتم عادة استخدام مواد مستوردة كحوامل بيولوجية لزيادة الكتلة الحيوية وبالتالي المحافظة على المردود مع زيادة الحمل العضوي القادم.في هذه الدراسة تم استخدام مادة محلية "حجر الخفان" كحامل بيولوجي في حوض التهوية، وإجراء التجارب على خمس مراحل: دون حوامل بيولوجية، وبنسبة ملء بحجر الخفان 4%، 10%،20% 25%، وكان التحميل العضوي الاعظم في كل مرحلة (1.1884، 1.2144، 1.9432، 2.7768، 3.3141 g BOD /l.d ( على التوالي للحفاظ على مردود المحطة 82% في إزالة SS .أجريت تجارب اخرى لمعرفة أفضل نسبة ملء، كانت نسبة إزالة SS (67.57، 69.5 ، 79.44، 89.61، و99.2)% عند استخدام حجر الخفان بنسبة ملء(0، 4، 10، 20، و25 ) % على التوالي، وذلك عند التحميل العضوي 2 ± 0.0528  g BOD /l.d .أي أن أفضل نسبة ملء بحجر الخفان هي 25 %. في هذا البحث تم استخدام مادة محلية "حجر الخفان" كحامل بيولوجي في حوض التهوية، وإجراء التجارب على خمس مراحل: دون حوامل بيولوجية، نسبة ملء بحجر الخفان 4%، 10%،20% 25%، وكان الحمل العضوي الاعظمي في كل مرحلة (1.1884، 1.2144، 1.9432، 2.7768، 3.3141 )  g BOD /l.d على التوالي للحفاظ على مردود المحطة 82% في إزالة SS . كانت نسبة إزالة SS دون حوامل بيولوجية وعند استخدام حجر الخفان بنسبة ملء4% (82.86 % ،84.96 %)على التوالي، وذلك عند الحمل العضوي1.15 ±0.0384 g BOD /l.d  ، وعند استخدام حجر الخفان بنسبة ملء 4% و 10%  كانت نسبة إزالة SS ( 80.36 %،91.59%) على التوالي، وذلك عند الحمل العضوي 1.25±0.024 g BOD /l.d ، وعند استخدام حجر الخفان بنسبة ملء 10% و 20%  كانت نسبة إزالة SS ( 79.44%،91.23%) على التوالي، وذلك عند الحمل العضوي 2 ±0.0528 g BOD /l.d، وعند استخدام حجر الخفان بنسبة ملء 20% و 25%  كانت نسبة إزالة SS (80.45 %،92.28%) على التوالي، وذلك عند الحمل العضوي 2.85 ±0.0624 g BOD /l.d.  أي تحسن المردود عند استخدام حجر الخفان بنسبة ملء 4% ، 10%، 20% و 25% بمقدار 2.1% ،11.23 % ،11.79 % ، و 11.83% على التواليWastewater treatment plants operators prefer to make adjustments because they are more cost effective, to use the existing tank instead of building new ones. In this case an imported materials would be  used as bio-loads to increase biomass and thus maintain efficiency as the next organic loading increases.In the present study, a local substance "pumice stone" was used as a biological carrier in the aeration tank, and the experiments were carried out in five stages: without biological carriers, filling ratio of 4%,10%,20%, and25% with pumice stone, the maximum organic loading at each stage (1.1884, 1.2144, 1.9432, 2.7768, 3.3141)g BOD /l.d respectively.Other experiments were carried out to determine the best filling ratio, the SS removal ratio was (67.57%, 69.5%,79.44%,89.61%,and 99.2%) when the filling ratio with pumice stone was (0, 4, 10, 20, and 25)%  respectively, at organic loading 2 ± 0.0528 g BOD /l.d, so the best filling ratio of pumice stone was 25% . In this case an imported materials would be  used as bio-loads to increase biomass and thus maintain efficiency as the next organic loading increases. In this research, a local substance "pumice stone" was used as a biological carrier in the aeration tank, and the experiments were carried out in five stages: without biological carriers, filling ratio of 4%,10%,20%, and25% with pumice stone, The maximum organic loading at each stage (1.1884, 1.2144, 1.9432, 2.7768, 3.3141)g BOD /l.d respectively. The SS removal ratio was when we operatio without biological carriers and with pumice stone with a filling ratio of 4% (82.86 % and 84.96 %) respectively, at organic loading 1.15 ± 0.0384 g BOD / d, the SS removal ratio when using pumice stone with a filling ratio of 4% and 10% was (80.36%, 91.59%) respectively, at organic loading 1.25 ± 0.024 g BOD /l.d The SS removal ratio when using pumice stone with a filling ratio of 10% and 20% was (79.44%, 91.23%) respectively, at organic loading 2 ± 0.0528 g BOD /l.d ,  and The SS removal ratio when using pumice stone with a filling ratio of 20% and 25% was (80.45 %, 92.28%) respectively, at organic loading 2.85 ± 0.0624 g BOD /l.d ,which means there is  improvement in yield using pumice stone with filling ratio 4%,10%,20 and 25% by 2.1% ,11.23%,11.79% and 11.83%, respectively

A Study of the Efficiency of the Two-Phase Anaerobic Degradation System 2PAD in The Different Temperature Ranges

The Average thermal range (Mesophilic) [25 – 40]oC is the optimal range for the process of anaerobic treatment and specifically  the temperature [34 -37]oC where the microorganisms that lead the anaerobic treatment process are at their highest activity which gives high efficiency to the treatment process and biogas production process, also the Two-Phase Anaerobic Degradation System 2PAD is used to increase the efficiency of anaerobic treatment process compared to the Conventional Single-Phase Anaerobic Digestion System AD. This research presents a study of the efficiency of the Two-Phase Anaerobic Degradation System 2PAD in the different ranges of temperature through the treatment of  three samples of wastewater from slaughterhouses, where the efficiency of COD removal was 81.65% and the efficiency of BOD removal was 88.00% and the efficiency of TSS removal was 39.68% while biogas production reached 0.24 liter from each liter of the sample at 40o C and during a 10-day hydraulic retention time HRT for the first sample A (CODin= 3760 mg/l, BODin=2500 mg/l, TSSin=368 mg/l), and the efficiency of COD removal was 64.74% and the efficiency of BOD removal was 71.43% and the efficiency of TSS removal was 56.09% while biogas production reached 0.16 liter from each liter of the sample at 20o C and during a 24-day hydraulic retention time HRT for the second samples B (CODin=1730 mg/l, BODin=1400 mg/l, TSSin=312 mg/l).  and the efficiency of COD removal was 83.38% and the efficiency of BOD removal was 89.29% and the efficiency of TSS removal was 42.11% while biogas production reached 0.28 liter from each liter of the sample at 34o C and during a 17-day hydraulic retention time HRT for the third sample C (CODin=3850 mg/l, BODin=2800 mg/l, TSSin=475 mg/l). يعتبر المجال الحراري المتوسط (Mesophilic) [25-40]oC المجال الأمثل لسير عملية المعالجة البيولوجية اللاهوائية وتحديداً درجة الحرارة [34-37]oC حيث تكون الأحياء الدقيقة التي تقود عملية المعالجة اللاهوائية في أعلى نشاط لها الأمر الذي يعطي كفاءة عالية لعملية المعالجة وعملية إنتاج الغاز الحيوي، أيضاً يستخدم نظام المعالجة اللاهوائية ثنائي الطور (Two-Phase Anaerobic Degradation System) 2PAD لرفع كفاءة عملية المعالجة اللاهوائية بالمقارنة مع نظام المعالجة اللاهوائية التقليدي (Conventional Single-Phase Anaerobic Digestion System) AD. يعرض هذا البحث دراسة كفاءة نظام المعالجة اللاهوائية ثنائي الطور 2PAD في المجالات المختلفة من درجة الحرارة وذلك من خلال معالجة ثلاث عينات من مياه الصرف الناتجة عن المسالخ، حيث كانت كفاءة إزالة COD 81.65 %وكفاءة إزالة BOD 88.00% وكفاءة إزالة TSS 39.68% بينما بلغ إنتاج الغاز الحيوي 0.24 Liter من كل 1 Liter من العينة في درجة الحرارة 40oC وخلال زمن بقاء هيدروليكي HRT 10 day بالنسبة للعينة الأولى A (CODin=3760 mg/l, BODin=2500 mg/l, TSSin=368 mg/l)،  و كانت كفاءة إزالة COD 64.74% وكفاءة إزالة BOD 71.43% وكفاءة إزالة TSS 56.09% بينما بلغ إنتاج الغاز الحيوي 0.16 Liter من كل 1 Liter من العينة في درجة الحرارة 20oC وخلال زمن بقاء هيدروليكي HRT 24 day بالنسبة للعينة الثانية  B (CODin=1730 mg/l, BODin=1400 mg/l, TSSin=312 mg/l)، وكانت كفاءة إزالة COD 83.38% وكفاءة إزالة BOD 89.29% وكفاءة إزالة TSS 42.11% بينما بلغ إنتاج الغاز الحيوي 0.28 Liter من كل 1 Liter من العينة في درجة الحرارة 34oC وخلال زمن بقاء هيدروليكي HRT 17 day بالنسبة للعينة الثالثة C (CODin=3850 mg/l, BODin=2800 mg/l, TSSin=475 mg/l)

Ruling on Zakat on Digital Currencies Rooted in the Noble Qur'an and the Prophet's Sunnah

Praise be to God, Lord of the worlds, who guided us and brought us out of darkness into light, and prayers and peace be upon the messenger as a mercy to the worlds, who delivered the message and advised the nation, and all his family and companions. Digital currencies are one of the modern calamities that many people wonder about, some are confused about, and many wonder how to deal with them. Is it an illusion or reality? Most of the dealers of digital currencies wonder about its legal ruling and whether the provisions that apply to money issued by official state banks also apply to it. Therefore, the research aims to clarify the ruling on zakat on digital currencies from the perspective of the Noble Qur'an and the purified Sunnah of the Prophet. Keywords: digital currencies, zakat

Gel-forming composition to increase the efficiency of water isolation in horizontal wells

Relevance. The need to develop new technical and technological solutions to improve the efficiency of water isolation in wells with horizontal termination in reservoirs with layered heterogeneity of the formation. Aim. To identify and propose a promising gel-forming composition for conducting water isolation in wells with horizontal termination in reservoirs with layered heterogeneity of the formation. Object. A well with a horizontal termination in reservoirs with layered heterogeneity of the formation. Methods. Laboratory and bench studies of the gel-forming composition for isolating water inflow in wells with different reservoir permeability by modifying it with functional additives and further adapting its application to various mining and geological conditions of the well; technology of injection of compositions with different viscosity in wells with horizontal termination in reservoirs with layered heterogeneity of the formation. Results. The paper considers the theoretical aspects of a hydrophobic layer formation on a watered reservoir surface effected by a hydrophobic composition, when it enters the reservoir. The paper introduces the mechanism of a water-insulating screen formation during injection of a gel-forming composition. The authors have defined the basic requirements for the gel-forming composition. They developed the formulation of the gel-forming composition with a different gelation time from 1 to 8 hours. Due to the composition injection, a water insulation screen is formed that can withstand significant water flow pressure. The water breakthrough pressure varies and depends on the initial permeability: with an increase in gas permeability from 0.1 to 1 mm2 of the breakthrough pressure it decreases by water and ranges from 4.5 to 11.5 MPa/m

Spectroscopic investigations of pentobarbital interaction with human serum albumin

The interaction between pentobarbital and human serum albumin has been investigated. The basic binding interaction was studied by UV-absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. From spectral analysis pentobarbital showed a strong ability to quench the intrinsic fluorescence of HSA through a static quenching procedure. The binding constant (k) is estimated at 1.812 104 M 1 at 293 K. FT-IR spectroscopy with Fourier self-deconvolution technique was used to determine the protein secondary structure and drug binding mechanisms. The observed spectral changes of HSA–pentobarbital complex indicate a larger intensity decrease in the absorption band of a-helix relative to that of b-sheets. This variation in intensity is related indirectly to the formation of H-bonding in the complex molecules, which accounts for the different intrinsic propensities of a-helix and b-sheets.This work is supported by the German Research Foundation DFG Grant No. DR228/24-2

Diagnosing and managing diabetic somatic and autonomic neuropathy

The diagnosis and management of diabetic neuropathy can be a major challenge. Late diagnosis contributes to significant morbidity in the form of painful diabetic neuropathy, foot ulceration, amputation, and increased mortality. Both hyperglycaemia and cardiovascular risk factors are implicated in the development of somatic and autonomic neuropathy and an improvement in these risk factors can reduce their rate of development and progression. There are currently no US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved disease-modifying treatments for either somatic or autonomic neuropathy, as a consequence of multiple failed phase III clinical trials. While this may be partly attributed to premature translation, there are major shortcomings in trial design and outcome measures. There are a limited number of partially effective FDA-approved treatments for the symptomatic relief of painful diabetic neuropathy and autonomic neuropathy

Experimental and numerical investigation of an air pocket immersed in a horizontal water duct flow

International audienc

Improvement of the well cementing technology

The article presents measures to improve the quality of cementing the production string of high-performance wells. The relevance of the proposed technological solutions is substantiated. The results of experimental studies of the installation simulating the processes occurring during the thickening of the cement slurry under the action of gravitational forces are presented. An algorithm for creating overpressure on the wellhead during fastening of the production string is proposed. The compositions of process fluids are described, which increase the reliability of the annular space isolation and preserve the permeability of the reservoir, and provide the main data on the results of their laboratory studies. For cementing the annular space of the production string, the composition of the expanding cement slurry has been developed and the procedure for its preparation has been established. The proposed solution has low water separation and high sedimentation resistance; has adjustable rheological parameters. Cement stone is characterized by low gas permeability and high strength properties

EXHAUSTIVE EXTRACTION AND SCREENING THE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF HELIOTROPIUM HIRSUTISSIMUM (HAIRY HELIOTROPE): A MEMBER OF PALESTINIAN FLORA

  Objective: Heliotropium hirsutissimum Grauer. is one of the important folk plants that grow wildly in the mountains of Palestine and widely used for several purposes by tribal peoples and traditional practitioners for treatment of various skin inflammations as a paste, for that our study aimed to evaluate antibacterial and antifungal activities for this plant.Methods: In our experiments, the entire plant exhaustively extracted by n-hexane and ethanol mixed with an equal volume of triple distilled water to yield 2.36 g crude aqueous extract and 0.42 g crude organic extract from 25 g of the plant and then screened for antifungal and antibacterial activities.Results: The plant aqueous extract showed antibacterial activities against all Gram-positive bacteria with the greatest activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis, its inhibition zone diameter (DIZ) was 16 mm equivalent to 50% of the DIZ of imipenem a broad spectrum antibiotics. Furthermore, the plant aqueous extract activity against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus were 21.7% of imipenem activity (10 mm) and 26% imipenem activity (12 mm), respectively. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of the aqueous extract was 30 mg/ml or less against all bacterial strains as well as against the fungi Candida albican. More specifically, the MIC ranged between 2.7 mg/ml and 30 mg/ml with the lowest MIC value was 2.7 mg/ml against S. epidermidis, while Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and C. albican was all inhibited at the highest concentration of 30 mg/ml. There is no bacteriocidal or fungicidal effect of its extract at 30 mg/ml the highest concentration tested in our experiments. The organic extract showed identical antibacterial activity of aqueous extract except in that it had no activity against B. subtilis, as well as it had antibacterial activity against E. coli with DIZ of 50% of DIZ of imipenem (18 mm) and antifungal activity against C. albican with DIZ 80% of DIZ of nystatin broad spectrum antifungal compound (16 mm).Conclusion: The plant aqueous and organic extracts have antibacterial, antifungal active compounds.Keywords: Heliotropium hirsutissimum, Antibacterial, Antifungal, Hairy heliotrope

Improvement of the well cementing technology, increasing the reliability of the annule isolation and preserving the permeability of the reservoir

The article presents measures to improve the quality of cementing the production string of high-performance wells. The relevance of the proposed technological solutions is substantiated. The results of experimental studies of the installation simulating the processes occurring during the thickening of the cement slurry under the action of gravitational forces are presented. An algorithm for creating overpressure on the wellhead during fastening of the production string is proposed. The compositions of process fluids are described, which increase the reliability of the annular space isolation and preserve the permeability of the reservoir, and provide the main data on the results of their laboratory studies. For cementing the annular space of the production string, the composition of the expanding cement slurry has been developed and the procedure for its preparation has been established. The proposed solution has low water separation and high sedimentation resistance; has adjustable rheological parameters. Cement stone is characterized by low gas permeability and high strength properties