The Impact of Covid-19: From a Culture of Teaching Towards a Culture of Learning

The year 2020 will be remembered for Covid-19 – the period of ‘forced’ critical reflection upon ourselves, others and the society around us. This paper presents the positive and negative practices during this period by focusing on the educational system at the tertiary level where traditional teaching was substituted by e-learning. Based on personal experience and pilot research conducted with the students of South Slavic Studies,the paper further discusses the advantages and disadvantages of e-learning, paying special attention to the arts. Finally, it is concluded that e-learning will remain one of the educational approaches in future

‘Us’ and ‘Them’: Linguistic Human Rights of ‘Them’ in Slovenia

Some considerations from a linguistic point of view in response to the session on Social Justice and Equality Beyond Violence

Language Policy and Linguistic Reality in Former Yugoslavia and its Successor States

Turbulent social and political circumstances in the Middle South Slavic language area caused the disintegration of Yugoslavia and the formation of new countries in the 1990s, and this of course was reflected in the demise of the prestigious Serbo-Croatian language and the emergence of new standard languages based on the Štokavian dialect (Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian and Montenegrin). The Yugoslav language policy advocated a polycentric model of linguistic unity that strived for equal representation of the languages of the peoples (Serbo-Croatian, Macedonian and Slovenian), ethnicities (ethnic minorities) and ethnic groups, as well as both scripts (Latin and Cyrillic). Serbo-Croatian, spoken by 73% of people in Yugoslavia, was divided into the eastern and the western variety and two standard language expressions: Bosnian and Montenegrin. One linguistic system had sociolinguistic subsystems or varieties which functioned and developed in different socio-political, historical, religious and other circumstances. With the disintegration of Yugoslavia, the aforementioned sociolinguistic subsystems became standard languages (one linguistic system brought forth four political languages). We will describe the linguistic circumstances of the newly formed countries after 1991 in Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro. We will show that language policies of the newly formed states of former Yugoslavia have encountered many problems, including some elementary issues of standardisation. Finally we conclude that the future will not bring convergence and that language policies will continue to depend on the general political situation in the region. 要旨 中央南スラヴ語圏における社会的・政治的混乱は、ユーゴスラビアの崩壊を招き、1990年代には各新国家が誕生した。結果は、信望の厚かったセルボ・クロアチア語の「死」と、シュト方言を基盤とする各標準語（ボスニア語、クロアチア語、セルビア語、モンテネグロ語）の出現であった。本稿は、歴史的および理論的枠組みの中で、言語統一の多中心的モデルである旧ユーゴスラビアの言語政策、そして諸民族の言語（セルボ・クロアチア語、マケドニア語、スロベニア語）、「民族性」（少数民族）、民族集団等の概念、さらにローマ字とキリル文字の両文字体系の使用を論じる。ユーゴスラビアの73％の人々が話すといわれたセルボ・クロアチア語は東と西のバラエティーと２種の標準方言、ボスニア語とマケドニア語に分割された。つまり、一つの言語体系が社会言語学的には下位体系または変種を持ち、それぞれが違った社会、政治、歴史、宗教などの状況により機能と発展を異にした。ユーゴスラビアの崩壊に伴い、社会言語学的下位体系が各標準語となり、一つの言語体系が四つの政治的言語を生むこととなった。ここではさらに、1991年以降に新しく形成された各国家、クロアチア、セルビア、ボスニア・ヘルツェゴビナ、モンテネグロにおける言語状況を描く。最後に、旧ユーゴ地域の諸国家の言語政策がそれぞれに問題を抱え、なかでも標準化に関する基本的な問題を持つことを指摘する。将来において、これら諸言語の近寄りは見込まれず、今後も言語政策は地域の政治情勢に左右されていくことであろう

Structure Determination by Joint Effort of X-ray Powder Diffraction and Quantum Calculations: Crystal Structure and Short Hydrogen Bonding in Pentadecafluorooctanoic Acid Hydrate

A precise X-ray crystal structure determination of systems that exist in a polycrystalline form often poses a challenge due to several factors that limit the resolution of the diffraction measurement. The location of atoms is usually determined at significantly lower precision than the unit cell parameters, rendering the complete characterization of the structure difficult. This is particularly pronounced when precise location of hydrogen atoms is required, for instance in ionizable biomolecules or in hydrogen bonds. In such cases periodic quantum (DFT) calculations may crucially assist structure determination, because they can reliably predict the location of atoms, provided that the unit cell parameters, the space group and tentative atomic positions are known. In this work we present DFT-assisted structure determination of pentadecafluorooctanoic acid hydrate, a benchmark system featuring short hydrogen bonds (RO...O ≈ 2.5 Å) between acid and water molecules. While Rietveld refinement based solely on powder diffraction data cannot reliably resolve the location of crystal water molecules and even less so the position of hydrogen atoms in the network of hydrogen bonds, periodic DFT optimization yields several minimum energy structures suitable for further refinement. Due to the low experimental resolution and similarity, comparison between model and experimental powder diffraction pattern can barely distinguish between certain structure candidates provided by DFT calculations, but it can rule out those featuring larger misfits. The proposed structure solution is delivered from a tandem application of structure determination from powder diffraction data and DFT optimization, the former providing the unit cell parameters and estimated atomic positions that are finely tuned by DFT. The present strategy can in principle be generalized to other examples of structure determination at relatively low resolution, such as is often the case with biological macromolecules. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

Conformational Analysis of the D Ring of Lysergic Acid Amides and its Bioactive Conformation

1H, 13Cnuclear magnetic resonance data on simple lysergic acid amides and ergopeptines indieate eonsiderable flexibility of the D ring. The actual conformation depends upon the existence (or absence) of intramolecular hydrogen bonding between N6 and the central amide N20-H group. The results are in agreement with molecular mechanics calculations. The proposal for the bioactive conformation is based on the comparison of key geometric parameters of the possible ergolene conformers with ones derived for the conformationally restricted dopamine congeners

Ispitivanje ponašanja ovješenih mostova pod probnim opterećenjem

A field load testing is an effective method for understanding the behavior and fundamental characteristics of cable-stayed bridges. This paper presents results of the behavior of the reconstructed cable-stayed bridge over river Danube in Novi Sad under test load. The bridge was built between 1976 and 1981 and in 1999 was heavily damaged by two Tomahawk missiles. In 2003 process of the reconstruction began and at the end of 2005 Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Belgrade was invited to test reconstructed bridge structure. The results of static load testing presented herein include displacements, rotations and strains of the 351 m long main span. Vibrations of the bridge were obtained by impact load produced by heavy truck passing the bridge and the time history response of vertical accelerations was recorded. The frequency content of the signals was determined using Fourier transformation and five flexural natural periods were extracted. The geological structure and engineering properties of the soil are also given. A finite element model of the bridge was made and a good agreement is achieved between the experimental and analytical results. These results have shown that the bridge is in the elastic state under the code-specified serviceability load, which indicates that the bridge has adequate load-carrying capacity and can be put safely into service.Ispitivanje ovješenih mostova opterećenih probnim opterećenjem je efikasan način za sagledavanje ponašanja i određivanje glavnih karakteristika takvih mostova. Ovaj rad prikazuje ponašanje rekonstruiranog ovješenog mosta preko Dunava u Novom Sadu. Most je izgrađen između 1976. i 1981. godine, a 1999. godine bio je teško oštećen kada su ga pogodile dvije Tomahawk rakete. Godine 2003. počela je rekonstrukcija mosta, a krajem 2005. godine Građevinski fakultet Sveučilišta u Beogradu bio je pozvan ispitati rekonstruiranu konstrukciju mosta. U ovom radu prikazani su rezultati koji se odnose na pomake, rotacije i deformacije glavnog nosača konstrukcije duljine 351 m. Vibracije mosta izazvane su udarnim opterećenjem uslijed prolaska teškog kamiona preko mosta, pri čemu su određena vertikalna ubrzanja glavnog nosača. Potrebne funkcije u frekventnoj domeni određene su primjenom Fourier-ove transformacije i na taj način je izdvojeno prvih pet perioda osciliranja. U radu su prikazane geološke karakteristike terena. Formiran je numerički model mosta na bazi metode konačnih elemenata i dobiveno je dobro slaganje eksperimentalnih i numeričkih rezultata. Ovi rezultati pokazuju da se most ponaša elastično pod utjecajem probnog opterećenja, što ukazuje da konstrukcija ima odgovarajuću nosivost i da se sigurno može pustiti u promet

The Electrocrystallization of Metals. Investigation of Zinc

In electrodeposition of zinc depending on the condition of deposition, various effects of electrocrystallization can be observed. In acid solution of zinc sulfate the considerable surface diffusion overpotential appears at lower values of the total overpotential, indicating the surface diffusion of actions as the rate determining step. An interesting dependence of exchange current density on pH with a minimum at pH - 2 indicate the probable change in structure of the reacting particle. The mechanism of the reaction is evaluated. In alkaline zincate solutions no surface diffusion limitations can be detected. However, due to the rather low zincate ion concentration and high exchange current density zinc deposition proceeds practically always under the diffusion control. Morphology of zinc deposited depends considerably on the value of the electrode potential. This can be seen from the experiments in which the deposition morphology was observed with a scanning electron microscope. It was found possible to disrupt the deposition repeatedly for microscopic observation and than continue deposition. At low overpotentials (up to 50 mV) epitaxial layer type growth was observed with the linear increase of the microstep width with time. For this effect a theory is proposed which accounts also for the observed effects of substrate orientation. At larger overpotentials (50-100 mV) boulder type deposit was observed, most of which were not epitaxial with the substrate. They are suggested to be originated by nucleation. The boulder density per cm2 is first sharply increasing, and then slowly decreasing with time. A statistical calculation for this is given based on the model that large boulders consume the smaller ones. With further deposition a small fraction of the boulders develop into dendrites, their number being limited by the available total current

Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding in Guanidinium and Potassium Hydrogen Malonates - an Infrared and X-Ray Diffraction Study

A new modification of potassium hydrogen malonate was obtained by crystallization from dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO)\u27 solution. Its infrared spectrum differs in its essential features from the spectra of the known modification crystallizing from water!-" but resemble those of guanidinium hydrogen malonate. Both spectra are interpreted in terms of strong, intramolecular hydrogen bonding, This is supported by the fact that the main features (CO and OH stretching) remain essentially unchanged on dissolution in DMSO and by the X-ray diffraction on guanidinium hydrogen malonate. The structure of its crystals was solved by the direct method and refined by full matrix least squares to R value of 0.044 for 453 observed reflections. The structure consists of planar guanidinium ions and hydrogen maleate residues containing short intramolecular, but asymmetric bonds of 2.407(3)A

Retki slučaj intraorbitalnog stranog tela sa znacima penetracije rožnjače, koji su u početku ukazivali na anteriorni uveitisretki slučaj intraorbitalnog stranog tela sa znacima penetracije rožnjače, koji su u početku ukazivali na anteriorni uveitis

An unusual case is presented of an unsuspected orbital metallic foreign body (sewing needle) in a dog. The skin entrance wound injury was undetected during two clinical examinations, likely due to the quick skin healing and punctiform nature of the wound in the skin/muscles/orbit. The most unusual characteristic of this case is the cause of the wound. The metallic foreign body could have penetrated the cornea through an oblique limbal/scleral pathway at the moment of injury, leaving no obvious signs of corneal injury in the first clinical examination. Secondly, the corneal injury perhaps occurred due to the dog rubbing its head on the floor between the initial examination and the first follow-up examination after seven days. At first, the case presented as anterior uveitis with an unknown cause. Due to quick scar formation of wounds in dogs and the fact that punctiform wounds can be difficult to detect, an orbital foreign body was not initially suspected. However, seven days afterwards, a new sign of triangular limbus-based corneal opacification appeared. This led to suspicion of a previous corneal injury and the nearby (orbital) presence of a foreign body. This diagnosis was confirmed by radiography and the intraorbital sewing needle was extracted by surgery. Lack of sophisticated techniques did not prevent an adequate diagnosis and an excellent surgical outcome.Neobičan slučaj neočekivanog metalnog stranog tela u orbiti psa, prisutnog kao posledica punktiformne povrede na koži iglom koja nije uočena usled brzog zarastanja i kretanja kroz kožu, mišiće i orbitu. Najneobičnija karakteristika ovog slučaja je strano telo (šivaća igla) koje je penetriralo rožnjaču prolazeći kroz limbus i beonjaču pod kosim uglom, a u momentu povređivanja, kao i na prvom pregledu nije bilo znakova koji bi ukazivali na to ili je povreda rožnjače nastala češanjem glave o pod između prvog i drugog pregleda u razmaku od sedam dana. Na početku, slučaj je izgledao kao anteriorni uveitis nepoznatog uzroka i sedam dana kasnije se pojavilo trouglasto zamućenje rožnjače sa bazom prema limbusu što nas je dovelo u sumnju da je prethodna povreda rožnjače povezana sa orbitalnim stranim telom. Usled brzog zarastanja rana i formiranja ožiljka kod pasa i nedovoljno jasnih kliničkih znakova punktiformnih rana orbitalno strano telo nije bilo očekivano. Penetrantna rana na rožnjači je mogla nastati pre prvog pregleda ili u vremenu između prvog i drugog pregleda trljanjem glave. Nedostatak sofisticirane tehnike ne sprečava postavljanje tačne dijagnoze i primene adekvatne hirurgije

Utjecaj ostatka molekule na apsorpcijsku frekvenciju karbonilne skupine kinona

Elektronski utjecaji ostatka molekule na quasi-karakteristiene frekvencije u bliskom infracrvenom podrucju ili su elektrostatiene prirode ili se sastoje u promjeni hibridizacije. U seriji kinona usporedena je frekvencija karbonila s redoks-potencijalom i s razlikom energije rezonancije kinona i odnosnog hidrokinona. Kod metalnih derivata oksikinona objasnjava se jako pomicanje karbonilnog apsorpcijskog podrucja analogijom s karboksilat-ionom