THE IMPORTANCE OF THE PRACTICE OF COMPETITIVE GAMES KID’S ATHLETICS IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS (11-12 YEARS) USING THE COOPERATIVE LEARNING STRATEGY

Physical education teachers should purposefully accept the fact that they are the role models in developing individual and group characteristics. In addition, teachers should structure competitive activities to maximize the participation of all students. In this regard, teaching physical education is an exciting experience. It is important that we teach more than just knowledge, skills, and strategies like cooperative strategy and other. From this perspective, the teacher must model the desired outcome in the same way he demonstrates the critical elements of a kids' athletics. The aim of this experimental study is to determine the effect of the practice of the cooperation strategy with a new concept of Kids' Athletics; their contribution towards the improvement of teaching conditions in lessons of Physical Education and Sports in middle School; and the improvement of sports performance among students of the middle School in long jump (m), shot put (m), sprint 50 m (s), and endurance racing 1000 m (s). Thus, this study is one of the very best practices that promote a higher level of participation among all students in physical education. It is designed to give children the pleasure of playing athletics. It helps them to embark on sprinting, endurance running, jumping, and throwing. Two groups of girls (aged 11 ± 0.65 years) participated in this study. The students were divided into experimental and control group (n=24). The results according to the research variables is characterized by significant differences (*p≤0.05). Consequently, teacher’s use of the cooperative learning techniques in physical education will encourage a higher level of participation among many students in the activities of the kids' athletics. Therefore, this will improve the physical performance of students and their relationships better than the traditional teaching method using a command style (Mosston & Ashworth, 2002)

المساعي السياسية والإصلاحية للإمام أبي الوليد الباجي: The political and reformist endeavours of Imam Abū al-Walīd al-Bājī

After the fall of the Umayyad Caliphate, the Andalusian Islamic state witnessed a political rupture as a result of chaos, rivalries and sectarian conflicts throughout the fifth century AH corresponding to the eleventh century AD. These dangerous security breakdowns led to the disintegration and division of the Islamic Caliphate in Andalusia into a group of independent kingdoms and small emirates which ultimately found themselves on one hand in permanent wars between them, and on the other in skirmishes with the neighbouring Christian forces. This fact contributed to lack of stability and peace of these lands and the establishment of weak governing systems for a long time. This political situation stressed the worsening of their social conditions and their scientific life. Nevertheless, this situation generated a motivating nostalgia and rage in some scholars and jurists such as Imam Abū al-Walīd al-Bājī who is considered one of the key-figures and scholars of Andalusia. He had a prominent role in pushing forward and reviving scientific life by setting various new foundations in order to reform some fields. His writings were directed for educational purposes. Besides, he included the reform of Islamic jurisprudence, which was aimed primarily for jurists and rulers. Furthermore, some of his writings were sermons and ethical moral instructions for commoners. His endeavours led him to enter the political life as he assumed the judicial profession of a judge, that enabled him to be in more touch with the various kings of sects giving him the chance to advise and guide them. His efforts in that end resulted in seeking to reunite the kings of the sects and their princes under the banner of Islam and unite their forces for the defence of Muslim presence in Andalusia against the Christian threat.After the fall of the Umayyad Caliphate, the Andalusian Islamic state witnessed a political rupture as a result of chaos, rivalries and sectarian conflicts throughout the fifth century AH corresponding to the eleventh century AD. These dangerous security breakdowns led to the disintegration and division of the Islamic Caliphate in Andalusia into a group of independent kingdoms and small emirates which ultimately found themselves on one hand in permanent wars between them, and on the other in skirmishes with the neighbouring Christian forces. This fact contributed to lack of stability and peace of these lands and the establishment of weak governing systems for a long time. This political situation stressed the worsening of their social conditions and their scientific life. Nevertheless, this situation generated a motivating nostalgia and rage in some scholars and jurists such as Imam Abū al-Walīd al-Bājī who is considered one of the key-figures and scholars of Andalusia. He had a prominent role in pushing forward and reviving scientific life by setting various new foundations in order to reform some fields. His writings were directed for educational purposes. Besides, he included the reform of Islamic jurisprudence, which was aimed primarily for jurists and rulers. Furthermore, some of his writings were sermons and ethical moral instructions for commoners. His endeavours led him to enter the political life as he assumed the judicial profession of a judge, that enabled him to be in more touch with the various kings of sects giving him the chance to advise and guide them. His efforts in that end resulted in seeking to reunite the kings of the sects and their princes under the banner of Islam and unite their forces for the defence of Muslim presence in Andalusia against the Christian threat

دور العصبية في أحداث الفتنة بقرطبة خلال القرن 5ه-11م: The role of fanaticism in the events of strife in Cordoba during the 5th century AH-11 AD

شهدت الأندلس خلال القرن الخامس الهجري الحادي عشر الميلادي، أحداثا تاريخية أطلق عليها المؤرخون "الفتنة القرطبية"، و التي كان لها الأثر على مختلف الأصعدة السياسية و الاجتماعية خاصة بعد نهاية حكم العامريين سنة 399ه - 1009م، حيث دخلت الأندلس خلال هذه الفترة في صراعات مستمرة بين مختلف طبقات المجتمع، و إزداد هذا الصراع بشكل خطير في تهديد الإسلام و المسلمين، حيث نتج عنه تشكل جديد لخارطة بلاد الأندلس بين مختلف العناصر الفاعلة و انزواء مختلف اطياف المجتمع بمناطقهم بسبب الظروف السياسية التي أجبرتهم على ذلك ، و ظهرت بهذه السياسة و قائع و حروب بين مختلف هذه الطوائف العرقية، أدت إلى تكريس حالة اللأمن و اللإستقرار في الأرواح و الممتلكات لمختلف المجموعات السكانية فارتسم صراع عرقي بين الطوائف الأندلسية و البربرية و الصقلبية، تغذيه روح الإنتماء القبلي و التي أصبحت العامل الرئيسي في تحريك أحداث الفتنة و القائمة على تحديد العلاقة بين شرائح المجتمع الأندلسي في إطار عرقي قبلي.During the fifth century AH (eleventh century AD), Andalusia witnessed historical events that historians called the “Fitna of al-Andalus”, which had an impact on various political and social levels, especially after the end of the rule of the Amiriden in 399 AH-1009 AD. During this period, Andalusia entered into ongoing conflicts between different classes of society. Moreover, this conflict increased in a dangerous way, threatening Islam and Muslims. It resulted in a new formation of political features for the map of Andalusia, distributed among the various actors from the social groups within their areas due to the political conditions that forced them to do so—with this policy, incidents and wars emerged between the various ethnic groups, perpetuating a state of insecurity and instability in the lives and properties of the various population groups. Ethnic conflict has been established between the Andalusian, Barbarian, and Ṣaqālibah communities, fueled by the spirit of tribal affiliation, which has become the main factor in the movement of strife and the determination of the relationship between the segments of Andalusian society within a tribal framework. In this study, we follow the descriptive and analytical methods of the course of events to highlight the goal of the tribal dimension and its role in feeding the nervous conflict in Andalusia, which destroyed Islamic civilization

Relationship between geo-structural evolution and development of karstic systems in the culminating area of Ouarsenis (West Algeria)

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