15,753 research outputs found
Foreign Currency Lending in Emerging Europe: Bank Level Evidence
Based on survey data from 193 banks in 20 countries we provide the first bank-level analysis of the determinants of foreign currency (FX) lending in Emerging Europe. We find that FX lending by all banks, regardless of their ownership structure, is strongly determined by the macroeconomic environment. We find no evidence of foreign banks ‘pushing’ FX loans indiscriminately because of easier access to wholesale funding in foreign currency. In fact, while foreign banks do lend more in FX to corporate clients, they do not do so to retail clients. We also find that after a take-over by a foreign bank, the acquired bank does not increase its FX lending any faster than a bank which remains in domestic hands.Foreign currency lending;currency mismatch;foreign banks;financial stability
The effectiveness of Kazakhstan's security policy
A condition for a sound and constructive public policy of a state is security. If a nation
is under attack, internally, by a civil war such as in Syria, or externally, when Iraq and Iran waged a war,
such violence prevents a country from conducting a solid public policy. Therefore, for the execution
of - for example - economic policy and an effective political system, the condition is that internal and
external security are guaranteed. This research focuses upon the effectiveness of the security policy of
Kazakhstan
The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation's momentum towards a mature security alliance
Security organisations can differ in their scope of activities and in deepness of
their mutual cooperation. For instance, the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
(NATO) nowadays pays homage to the broad concept of security: security not only
encompassing military but also political, economic, social and environmental
factors.1 Among other things, this comprehensive approach to security includes
aspects such as free and fair elections; well-organised administrative, lawenforcement
and judicial organs at national, regional and local level; employment;
housing; education and health services. If all of these dimensions of security are
provided in the areas where NATO operates, such as Bosnia, Kosovo and
Afghanistan, then a stable and secure situation has been reached. However, in 1949
NATO started as an organisation with an exclusive military objective, namely to
deter an eventual attack by the Soviet Union and its satellites against European
(NATO) countries. Especially during its operations in the former Yugoslavia in the
1990s, the Western alliance realised that its concept of security should include other
aspects than military, in order to achieve a stable international security environment.
As to the intensity of cooperation among its member-states, NATO started with the
most essential elements of political and military cooperation only. It took NATO
many years to establish its current integrated political-military structure and
activities, such as frequent political deliberations, joint forces and allied operations
far beyond its territorial borders. Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies Vol. 36 (1) 2008: pp. 14-3
The effectiveness of Kazakhstan's security policy
A condition for a sound and constructive public policy of a state is security. If a nation
is under attack, internally, by a civil war such as in Syria, or externally, when Iraq and Iran waged a war,
such violence prevents a country from conducting a solid public policy. Therefore, for the execution
of - for example - economic policy and an effective political system, the condition is that internal and
external security are guaranteed. This research focuses upon the effectiveness of the security policy of
Kazakhstan
Foreign Currency Lending in Emerging Europe:Bank Level Evidence
Based on survey data from 193 banks in 20 countries we provide the first bank-level analysis of the determinants of foreign currency (FX) lending in Emerging Europe. We find that FX lending by all banks, regardless of their ownership structure, is strongly determined by the macroeconomic environment. We find no evidence of foreign banks ‘pushing’ FX loans indiscriminately because of easier access to wholesale funding in foreign currency. In fact, while foreign banks do lend more in FX to corporate clients, they do not do so to retail clients. We also find that after a take-over by a foreign bank, the acquired bank does not increase its FX lending any faster than a bank which remains in domestic hands
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