192 research outputs found

    Bumblebees and butterflies in green structure elements in Malmo, Sweden

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    Within the BiodiverCity project in Malmo (Sweden), green structure elements were implemented aiming to support biodiversity and enhancing amenity in denser parts of the city. In this study, bumblebee and butterfly abundances and species richness were studied in 20 green structure elements in three areas in Malmo. The investigated green structure elements consisted of objects established within the BiodiverCity project and other green structure elements in their surroundings (e.g. road verges, lawns and flowerbeds). Observed bumblebee and butterfly abundances and species richness was generally low. In total, 528 bumblebees of eight species were recorded, with 97% of all bumblebees belonging to two species, Bombus lapidarius and B. terrestris/lucorum. A total of 154 butterflies from 10 species were detected, most commonly Pieris species. There were no significant differences in mean individual or species numbers (bumblebees and butterflies) between green structure elements designed to support biodiversity and conventional ones. Bumblebee species richness and abundance were positively correlated with mean cover of flowering vegetation and mean number of flowering plant species. Butterfly species richness and abundance were positively correlated with mean number of flowering plant species and size of the green structure. Observations of flower visits showed that the two groups of insects had different preferences. The results of this study show that enhancing bumblebee and butterfly diversity and abundances in densely built city areas can be challenging. To support bumblebees and butterflies more successfully, the habitat requirements of these insect groups need to be better considered from the beginning in the design of green structure elements

    Promoting regional countryside tourism in the Sound region (Denmark/Sweden)

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    Öreferie is an Interreg project on sustainable tourism in the Sound region, which comprises parts of Zealand (Denmark) and the most Southern part of Sweden, Scania. While parts of the region are densely populated including both Copenhagen and Malmö, other parts are very rural. Here large areas of unspoiled landscapes exist including seaside, woodland and agricultural areas, which are often very little exploited for tourism. The objective of the project is to promote and initiate tourism regarding experiencing nature and cultural heritage in the region. Partners in the project are private tourist entrepreneurs, municipalities, the regional council and universities .The focus has been on guided tours on different topics as wildlife, "wild food", geology and gardens with the aim to increase visitors' understanding in these fields. Thus the project aims to contribute to sustainable tourism by emphasizing the attractiveness of the region by promoting tourism which does not involve long distance travelling, emphasizing the use of public transport and at the same time increasing the public's knowledge and awareness about nature, wildlife and cultural heritage. In particular it is attempted to better learn to know and understand the "other side", which means the other side of the Sound, the strait which separates Denmark form Sweden. So far two approaches have been chosen. Firstly new guided tours carried out by private entrepreneurs have been initiated and secondly already existing products have been highlighted. Network meetings have been arranged to strengthen entrepreneurs and the cooperation of different tourist operators has been encouraged (e.g. combination of guided tours with consumption of local food production and overnight stays). Difficulties, challenges and opportunities of the process of promoting regional countryside tourism are analyzed and discussed

    FjÀrilar och humlor i grönstrukturer i Malmö

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    I denna studie undersöktas 26 olika grönstrukturer för dagfjÀrilar och humlor i tre stadsdelar i Malmö (VÀstra hamnen, Augustenborg och Hyllie). Av dessa 26 grönstrukturer var 9 anlagda inom BidodiverCity projektet (gröna vÀggar, gröna tak, innergÄrdar, skogsbiotop i park). Grönstrukturerna undersöktas med syfte att analysera och utvÀrdera artsammansÀttningen av dagfjÀrilar och humlor. De grönstrukturer som inte anlades inom BiodiverCity projektet undersöktas i jÀmförande syfte. Dessa var rabatter, vÀgkanter, grÀsmarker, en sÄdd Àng och gröna tak i nÀrheten av BiodiverCity objekt. De flesta grönstrukturerna inventerades fem gÄnger mellan juni och augusti 2016, nÄgra gröna tak inventerades bara en eller tvÄ gÄnger pÄ grund av problem med tillgÀngligheten. TvÄ olika inventeringsmetoder anvÀndes, en standardiserad transektmetod och 10-minuters observationer i rutor (4m2). Det observerades totalt 156 fjÀrilar (154 i transekter, 2 i rutor) fördelade pÄ 9 olika arter och 705 humlor (538 i transekt och 167 i rutor). Vitvingar (Pieris spp.) utgjorde 40% av alla observerade fjÀrilar, sexflÀckig bastardsvÀrmare 25%, puktörneblÄvinge 13% och slÄttergrÀsfjÀril 10%. Humlorna dominerades totalt av jordhumlor och stenhumlor som utgjorde 98% av alla observerade individer. Den faktor som pÄverkade antalet fjÀrilsarter i grönstrukturer positivt var genomsnittligt antal blommande vÀxter (juli-augusti). Individ- och artantal av humlor pÄverkades positivt av tÀckningsgraden av blommande vÀxter och genomsnittligt antal blommande vÀxter (juli-augusti). De vÀxter som fjÀrilar besökta mest i denna studie var tistlar, humlelusern, sötvÀppling, kÀrringtand och Buddleja. Humlor be-sökta oftast lavendel, kÀrringtand, blÄeld, rödklint och olika klöverarter. I grönstrukturer som anlades inom BiodiverCity projektet hittades fÄ fjÀrilar och humlor sannolikt pÄ grund av en kombination av vÀxtsammansÀttningen och en hög urbaniseringsgrad med generellt lÄg artdiversitet av fjÀrilar och humlor i omrÄde. Ett undantag Àr gröna tak som kan attrahera ett nÀmnvÀrt antal humlor av olika arter. Slutsatsen av studien Àr att det Àr möjligt att skapa biotoper som erbjuder en nÀringsresurs under sommaren som Àr attraktiva för de mest vanliga humlorna men delvis ocksÄ mindre vanliga arter under förutsÀttning att man beakta rÀtt vÀxtval och plantera i tillrÀcklig omfattning. Detta gÀller ocksÄ för mycket urbaniserade omrÄden och inkluderar gröna tak. För dagfjÀrilar dÀremot verkar det vara svÄrare att skapa attraktiva biotoper i smÄ omrÄden som dessa grönstrukturer ofta Àr. Det som behövdes Àr sannolikt fler artrika ruderatmarker och extensivt skötta grÀsmarker som inkluderar lÀmpliga biotoper ocksÄ för larver

    Insekter pÄ gröna tak

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    Denna studie undersökte förekomsten av insekter pÄ gröna tak i Malmö. Studien Àr en del av projektet BiodiverCity. Inom detta projekt anlades en rad grönstrukturer i mer tÀttbebyggda omrÄden i Malmö med syftet att öka den biologiska mÄngfalden och dÀrmed bidra till en grönare och mer attraktiv stad. Att studera insekter pÄ gröna tak ingÄr som en del av utvÀrderingen av projektet. Insekter studerades pÄ nio tak i Malmö med 10 time lapse kameror (pÄ ett tak installerades 2 kameror pÄ olika delar av taket). En time lapse kamera ta ett visst antal bilder i fasta tidsintervaller under en viss tidsperiod och sÀtter bilderna ihop till en film (till exempel 1 bild per minut under en dag). Kamerorna anvÀndes för att testa metoden för insektobservationer, sÀrskilt med tanke pÄ att tillgÀngligheten till gröna tak delvis Àr begrÀnsad. AnvÀndning av kameror skulle möjliggöra en jÀmförelse av olika tak vid samma tidsperioder och vid bra vÀderförhÄllande. Det Àr inte kÀnt om metoden har anvÀnds i detta syfte pÄ gröna tak tidigare och skulle dÀrför ocksÄ testas som sÄdan. Syftet med studien var att kunna bidra med kunskap till anlÀggande av gröna tak för att frÀmja biologisk mÄngfald av insekter. Det var tvÄ typer av gröna tak som studerades: biotoptak och Sedum-tak. Biotoptak har en artrikare vegetation, till exempel Àngsvegetation. Arbetshypotesen innan starten av experimentet var att man pÄ biotoptak skulle göra fler insektsobservationer och av flera arter Àn pÄ Sedum-tak, och att den skillnaden skulle kunna kvantifieras. Studien genomfördes under perioden juni till augusti 2017. De 10 kamerorna var i drift i 5 omgÄngar under ca 10 dagar per omgÄng. Vid 5 tillfÀllen var nÄgon av kamerorna ur drift av olika andledningar. Under den tid kamerorna var i drift var de instÀllda pÄ att ta en bild var 10e sekund. Det material som analyserades var 1 timme verklig tid per kamera och omgÄng, det vill sÀga 360 efterföljande bilder som 8-10 kameror tagit vid 5 olika tidspunkter under försöksperioden. Dessutom analyserades 5 minuters sekvenser tagna av en kamera under en dag nÀr det var ljust. Analysen av bilderna visade att 3528 insekter kunde observeras pÄ bild. Det Àr viktigt att notera att metoden inte skiljer mellan samma eller olika individer, dvs samma individ kan ha registrerats flera gÄnger till exempel pÄ efterföljande bildsekvenser. Av dessa insektsobservationer var 2240 (63%) humlor, 241 (7%) bin, 102 (3%) blomflugor, 12 fjÀrilar (0%) och 933 (26%) individer som inte kunde identifieras. Identifiering till artsnivÄ var oftast inte möjligt, men vissa humlor kunde identifieras som stenhumlor och liknande arter (n=806) eller jordhumlor (n=41) och liknande arter. Arbetshypotesen kunde inte bekrÀftas i och med att 2829 (80%) insektobservationer pÄ bild var tagna av kameror som var installerade pÄ Sedum-tak och 699 (20%) var tagna av kameror som var installerade pÄ biotoptak. Phedimus (en fetbladsvÀxtart) var med marginal den mest attraktiva vÀxten, 92% av alla insektobservationer gjordes pÄ Phedimus (pÄ Sedum tak och vid ett tillfÀllet pÄ en biotoptak tak dÀr bara Phedimus blommade i sluten av sÀsongen). Artdiversiteten Àr svÄrt att bedöma i och med att en identifiering till artsnivÄ ofta inte var möjligt. Det verkade dock sÄ att fÄ olika humlearter observerades dÀr stenhumlor (och liknande arter) var absolut dominerande. FjÀrilar observerades bara vid tvÄ olika tillfÀllen pÄ tvÄ olika tak. De bin som observerades sÄg för det mesta ut som honungsbin och inte solitÀrbin, men artbestÀmdes inte. Blomflugor observerades nÀstan enbart i juli och dÄ nÀstan i lika stor omfattning pÄ biotoptak som pÄ Sedum-tak. Det var möjligt att se att det handlade om olika arter blomflugor, men inte om vilka. Analysen av kamerabilder tagna över en dag (5 minuters sekvens per timme) indikerar att det kan finnas olika aktivitetsmönster för olika insektgrupper. För anlÀggande av gröna tak kan man dra slutsatsen att Phedimus Àr mycket mer attraktiv för de insektgrupper som observerades under experimentet Àn andra Sedum-arter. Phedimus verkar vara en mycket attraktiv nÀringsvÀxt för till exempel stenhumlor och ocksÄ honungsbin. BlÄeld som vÀxer pÄ biotoptak visade sig vara sÀrskilt attraktiv för till exempel jordhumlor (och liknande arter) samt blomflugor. Artdiversiteten för insekter pÄ de observerade taken verkar inte vara sÀrskild hög, enligt vad som gick att bedöma med vald metod. För att uppnÄ störst möjlig mÄngfald pÄ gröna tak Àr det viktigt att kombinera olika taktyper. Om man vÀljer ett Sedum-tak Àr ett tak med tjockare jordlager och som dÄ inkluderar Phedimus Àr att föredra framför Sedum-tak med tunt jordlager med bara arter sÄ som Sedum album

    Recreation in Swedish agricultural areas – public attitudes to multifunctional greenway designs

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    Recreation in the agricultural landscape of SW Sweden is limited in several ways. There is little else than agricultural fields and urbanised areas, and outdoor recreation is limited to a few, small areas. Although the Swedish Right of Public Access allows for accessing the agricultural fields by foot, this is not allowed during periods when there is standing crop. Apart from this, the fields are not particularly inviting, since the winds are continuous and often harsh, and walking on the muddy fields is not comfortable. It should be stressed that this is the everyday landscape for a growing peri-urban population. Furthermore, the homogenisation process that this landscape has undergone for the last five or six decades has also resulted in reduced biodiversity, which further reduces the attraction of the landscape. To make the agricultural landscape more accessible for recreation, some landowners and municipalities have established narrow (3–6 meters wide) greenways along field margins. Since these greenways are primarily aimed at recreation, they are not particularly well suited for plant and animal wildlife, and they are generally too narrow to allow for different types of recreation, such as riding at the same time as walking with dogs or prams. A further drawback with the existing greenways is their lack of protection against the continuous winds in the open landscape. Since these aspects were not considered when the greenways were established, it is probable that simple modifications of the design could satisfy more needs. It is, however, unclear whether such a development would be acceptable and desirable to the involved users and landowners, and whether it could gain support from the authorities

    ECOLOGICAL DESIGN - best practice examples

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    This report presents the parks and green walls we visited on our study visit in Paris (15th-19th of August 2022). We aimed to study green spaces, which represent a good or exceptional practice of ecological design. Ecological design, in an urban landscape context, can be described as the integration of aesthetic and ecological aspects in urban green space design. Supporting ecological processes, biodiversity and providing high aesthetical and recreational values are objectives of ecological design. The visited green spaces varied in their degree and focus on how aesthetical and ecological aspects were integrated. All objects were exceptional regarding one or several aspects such as the choice of plant material, structural and vegetation complexity or the degree in which ecological processes and biodiversity were given space. For us it was very interesting to see and discuss these varying approaches and how we perceived to which degree aesthetical and ecological goals were reached

    Exploring the Integration Between Colour Theory and Biodiversity Values in the Design of Livning Walls

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    Designing green infrastructure in cities requires vegetation that has multiple outcomes and functions, particularly using plants that have both attractive visual or aesthetic features and high biodiversity values. Plantings that have high visual appeal are more highly valued by people and increase their feeling of wellbeing. Increasing biodiversity in cities is one of the major challenges facing urban planning and design. However, balancing biodiversity and aesthetic outcomes in urban planting design is complex, and to date there are few methods that can be used to guide plant selection. To address this knowledge gap, we investigated the use of a colour theory framework for planting arrangements to see if we could design vegetation that is highly aesthetic and has high biodiversity. We did this by configuring planting combinations for living walls in Malmö, Sweden, using principles based on Johannes Itten’s colour theories. The plant combinations on each wall were graphically arranged using (1) colour analysis of each plant and (2) design of the plant species into two colour schemes: light-dark colour concept and a complementary colour concept. For each species used in the compositions we created a biodiversity classification, based on its pollination value, “nativeness” and conservation value as a cultivar; and a plant visual quality classification, based on the performance from living walls studies. The graphical colour composition and interlinked biodiversity value were then compared to designs created with randomly selected plant species. The results showed that it is possible to design a living wall based on colour theory without compromising with biodiversity outcomes, namely species richness, pollination and the nativeness of the species. The results also indicate the potential application of this design approach to deliver greater aesthetic appreciation and enjoyment from plantings. While more work is needed, this study has shown that a theoretical colour framework can be a useful tool in designing green infrastructure to improve delivery of both cultural and regulatory ecosystem services

    Exploring protocol bias in airway microbiome studies: one versus two PCR steps and 16S rRNA gene region V3 V4 versus V4

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    Background Studies on the airway microbiome have been performed using a wide range of laboratory protocols for high-throughput sequencing of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene. We sought to determine the impact of number of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) steps (1- or 2- steps) and choice of target marker gene region (V3 V4 and V4) on the presentation of the upper and lower airway microbiome. Our analyses included lllumina MiSeq sequencing following three setups: Setup 1 (2-step PCR; V3 V4 region), Setup 2 (2-step PCR; V4 region), Setup 3 (1-step PCR; V4 region). Samples included oral wash, protected specimen brushes and protected bronchoalveolar lavage (healthy and obstructive lung disease), and negative controls. Results The number of sequences and amplicon sequence variants (ASV) decreased in order setup1 > setup2 > setup3. This trend appeared to be associated with an increased taxonomic resolution when sequencing the V3 V4 region (setup 1) and an increased number of small ASVs in setups 1 and 2. The latter was considered a result of contamination in the two-step PCR protocols as well as sequencing across multiple runs (setup 1). Although genera Streptococcus, Prevotella, Veillonella and Rothia dominated, differences in relative abundance were observed across all setups. Analyses of beta-diversity revealed that while oral wash samples (high biomass) clustered together regardless of number of PCR steps, samples from the lungs (low biomass) separated. The removal of contaminants identified using the Decontam package in R, did not resolve differences in results between sequencing setups. Conclusions Differences in number of PCR steps will have an impact of final bacterial community descriptions, and more so for samples of low bacterial load. Our findings could not be explained by differences in contamination levels alone, and more research is needed to understand how variations in PCR-setups and reagents may be contributing to the observed protocol bias.publishedVersio
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