Preventing Bias in Cluster Randomised Trials

Bruno Giraudeau and Philippe Ravaud discuss the difficulties in preventing selection bias and applying intention-to-treat analysis in cluster randomized trials, and propose some solutions

The Impact of Substance Use, Sexual Trauma, and Intimate Partner Violence on Sexual Risk Intervention Outcomes in Couples: A Randomized Trial

BACKGROUND: Few HIV prevention interventions focus on sexual risk reduction as mutual process determined by couple members, though risk behaviors are inter-dependent. PURPOSE: This trial examined the impact of substance use, history of sexual trauma and intimate partner violence on sexual risk associated with participation in a risk reduction intervention. METHODS: HIV sero-concordant and -discordant multicultural couples in Miami, Florida (n = 216) were randomized to group (n = 112) or individual (n = 104) couple-based interventions. RESULTS: Group intervention participants increased condom use in couples in which women had a history of sexual trauma (F(2,221) = 3.39, p = .036) and by partners of alcohol users. History of sexual trauma was a determinant of conflict resolution, predicting negative communication and intimate partner violence. CONCLUSIONS: Results emphasize the need for group sexual risk reduction interventions targeting sexual trauma, partner violence and substance use among HIV seroconcordant and discordant couples

Institutional Factors and High-Performance Work Organisations (HPWOs) in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019.This chapter focuses on the institutional factors that facilitate or impede the development of high-performance work organisations (HPWOs) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It is based on the premise that the adoption of institutional perspective across regional hubs is pertinent in revealing and capturing the various factors influencing the creation of high-performance organisations in Africa. We argue that regulatory, normative, sociocultural institutional factors facilitate but also impede the development of HPWOs in SSA. Building on the high-performance work practice (HPWP) model, we uncover the interactive relationship between HPWPs and the ability, motivation and opportunity (AMO) model of human resource management and how organisations can deploy them for the attainment of HPWO status.Peer reviewe