Bioenergy as climate change mitigation option within a 2 °C target—uncertainties and temporal challenges of bioenergy systems

Bioenergy is given an important role in reaching national and international climate change targets. However, uncertainties relating to emission reductions and the timeframe for these reductions are increasingly recognised as challenges whether bioenergy can deliver the required reductions. This paper discusses and highlights the challenges and the importance of the real greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction potential of bioenergy systems and its relevance for a global 450 ppm CO2e stabilisation target in terms of uncertainties and temporal aspects. The authors aim to raise awareness and emphasise the need for dynamic and consequential approaches for the evaluation of climate change impacts of bioenergy systems to capture the complexity and challenges of their real emission reduction potential within a 2 °C target. This review does not present new research results. This paper shows the variety of challenges and complexity of the problem of achieving real GHG emission reductions from bioenergy systems. By reflecting on current evaluation methods of emissions and impacts from bioenergy systems, this review points out that a rethinking and going beyond static approaches is required, considering each bioenergy systems according to its own characteristics, context and feedbacks. With the development of knowledge and continuously changing systems, policies should be designed in a way that they provide a balance between flexibility to adapt to new information and planning security for investors. These will then allow considering if a bioenergy system will deliver the required emission saving in the appropriate timeframe or not

Vapotranspiration in Biological System by Thermal Imaging

Transpiration from porous materials such as leaves, stones, or human skin plays an important role in thermographic analysis due to evaporation. The change of physical state from liquid to vapor takes place at the interface of materials with surrounding air exactly where thermal infrared radiation is radiated. This chapter studies with the possibility to obtain quantitative evaluation of evaporation rate from non contact temperature measurements. The use of the localized high-intensity cooling on surface caused by evotranspiration has to be considered as a tool of inspection in diagnostics. A wide review of applications in plant physiology is here presented and some cases of follow-up of trauma in athletes are as well reported