シュヨウナイ シュッケツ ニヨリ ゾウダイ シタ イ GIST ノ 1レイ

Although there are a lot of case-reports of GIST （Gastrointestinal stromal tumor） with bleeding into the alimentary tract, cases of bleeding inside of the GIST are rare. We report a case in which a GIST increased its size associated with bleeding inside and was resected successfully. An ８２-year-old man was diagnosed as GIST （１．０×２．０ cm in size） and followed for ３ years. Its size increased to １１×８ cm in size, therefore, we performed an operation. During laparotomy, the tumor was elastic hard and located on the upper body and posterior wall of the stomach. The tumor size was approximately the head of child. A total gastrectomy with splenectomy was done. A case of sudden increasing of the tumor was histologically thought to bleed inside of it. The increased size of tumors revealed a malignant potential and/or hemorrage, the tumor should be resected as soon as possible

Maternal Undernutrition and Breast Milk Macronutrient Content Are Not Associated with Weight in Breastfed Infants at 1 and 3 Months after Delivery

This study examined whether maternal nutritional intake and breast milk macronutrient content influence the weight of breastfed infants. We investigated 129 healthy mothers with singleton babies born from July 2016 to December 2017 in a university hospital in Tokyo, Japan. Information was obtained by a self-administered food frequency questionnaire at 1 (valid response n = 92; mean age, 34 years) and 3 (n = 57) months after delivery. Breast milk was sampled at 1 and 3 months and the macronutrient contents were analyzed. The average pre-pregnancy body mass index and weight gain during pregnancy were 20.7 +/- 2.6 kg/m(2) and 9.6 +/- 3.7 kg, respectively. At 1 month, average maternal calorie intake was 1993 +/- 417 kcal/day, which was lower than the intake recommended by Japanese Dietary Reference Intakes for breastfeeding mothers. There were no significant differences with regard to maternal calorie and protein intake, and breast milk macronutrient content between breastfed infants with weight above and below the 25th percentile of its distribution at both 1 and 3 months. This study suggests that suboptimal calorie intake by breastfeeding mothers and breast milk macronutrient content were not associated with weight of their infants at 1 and 3 months after delivery

Recent Results from LHD Experiment with Emphasis on Relation to Theory from Experimentalist’s View

he Large Helical Device (LHD) has been extending an operational regime of net-current free plasmas towardsthe fusion relevant condition with taking advantage of a net current-free heliotron concept and employing a superconducting coil system. Heating capability has exceeded 10 MW and the central ion and electron temperatureshave reached 7 and 10 keV, respectively. The maximum value of β and pulse length have been extended to 3.2% and 150 s, respectively. Many encouraging physical findings have been obtained. Topics from recent experiments, which should be emphasized from the aspect of theoretical approaches, are reviewed. Those are (1) Prominent features in the inward shifted configuration, i.e., mitigation of an ideal interchange mode in the configuration with magnetic hill, and confinement improvement due to suppression of both anomalous and neoclassical transport, (2) Demonstration ofbifurcation of radial electric field and associated formation of an internal transport barrier, and (3) Dynamics of magnetic islands and clarification of the role of separatrix

Effects of disturbance history and environmental factors on the diversity and productivity of understory vegetation in a cool-temperate forest in Japan

We assessed the species richness and aboveground productivity of understory plants in nine types of forest stand (116 plots in total) that had different disturbance histories that were combinations of the frequency of plantation (clear-cutting, site preparation, planting), typhoon damage, and selective cutting. We established two 1 × 1 m quadrats to measure species richness and productivity and one 1 × 30 m belt to measure species richness in each plot. Canopy leaf area index (LAI), soil NH4+, soil C/N ratio, slope angle, and slope aspect were measured as current environmental factors affecting each plot. The variance in species richness was better explained by disturbance history (69% in quadrats; 86% in the belt) than by current environmental factors. Species richness and the Simpson index decreased as the frequency of plantation increased. In contrast, the variance in productivity was better explained by current environmental factors (82%), especially canopy LAI (45%), than by disturbance history. The relations of species presence and productivity to the explanatory variables differed among species, although there were some common responses within life forms. The effects of disturbance on species diversity remained for 20-80 years. Forest management should therefore take into account the long-term effects of disturbance history to maintain understory plant diversity

Autumn Long-distance Movements of Male Japanese Sika deer Cervus nippon yesoensis in Western Hokkaido, Japan

We examined the ranging behaviors of three male Japanese sika deer Cervus nippon yesoensis in western Hokkaido (42°N, 141°E), Japan, from 2003 to 2009. All three deer exhibited similar patterns of long-distance movements in the autumn. They left residence areas between 17 September and 16 October during the rutting season. Their direction of movement appeared to be eastward, and total movement distances ranged from 7 to 26 km. The males tended to return to their residence areas between 10 November and 27 January

Food habits of Japanese deer in an evergreen forest : Litter-feeding deer

We observed the feeding behaviors of wild Japanese sika deer (Cervus nippon yakushimae) in a warm temperate broad-leaved evergreen forest of the island of Yakushima using the focal animal sampling method from April 2002 to June 2006. Sika deer fed on species of at least 73 woody plants, 13 vines, 8 herbaceous plants, 8 ferns, 1 moss, and 3 fungi. We investigated time spent feeding on each food category in each season (spring: April-June; summer: July-September; autumn: October-December; winter: January-March). During each season, 45.6-59.8% of the deer diet consisted of fallen woody leaves. Half of the fallen leaves were those tinged with red and yellow colors. Fallen reproductive parts of plants constituted 8.7-23.7% of the seasonal deer diet. In contrast, living woody parts of plants and herbaceous plants, including ferns and moss, constituted 4.4-22.5% and 0.8-9.2% of the seasonal diet, respectively. Deer also fed on animal matters as minor food items, such as the feces of monkeys and raccoon dogs, bones of deer and monkeys, and bird carcasses. Animal matters constituted 0.3-1.6% of the seasonal diet. Sympatric monkeys supplied food to deer as a result of their daily activities. Monkey-supplied foods comprised 1.7-10.9% of the seasonal diet of sika deer. Monkeys tended to supply many fruits and seeds. Overall, 75.0% of the annual deer diet consisted of forest litter, even though deer had access to abundant living edible leaves in the study area. Therefore, sika deer in this forest ecosystem function ecologically as decomposers rather than primary consumers

Herbivory in canopy gaps created by a typhoon varies by understory plant leaf phenology

1. Availabilities of light and soil nitrogen for understory plants vary by extent of canopy gap formation through typhoon disturbance. We predicted that variation in resource availability and herbivore abundance in canopy gaps would affect herbivory through variation in leaf traits among plant species. We studied six understory species that expand their leaves before or after canopy closure in deciduous forests. We measured the availabilities of light, soil nitrogen, soil water content, and herbivore abundance in 20 canopy gaps (28.3-607.6 m2) formed by a typhoon and in four undisturbed stands. We also measured leaf traits and herbivory on understory plants. 2. The availabilities of light and soil nitrogen increased with increasing gap size. However, soil water content did not. The abundance of herbivorous insects (such as Lepidoptera and Orthoptera) increased with increasing gap size. 3. Concentrations of condensed tannins, total phenolics, and nitrogen in leaves and the leaf mass per area increased in late leaf expansion species with increasing gap size, while none of the leaf traits varied by gap size in early leaf expansion species. 4. Herbivory increased on early leaf expansion species with increasing gap size, but decreased on late leaf expansion species. In these late leaf expansion species, total phenolics and C:N ratio had negative relationships with herbivory. 5. These results suggested that following typhoon disturbance, increased herbivory on early leaf expansion species can be explained by increased herbivore abundance, while decreased herbivory on late leaf expansion species can be explained by variation in leaf traits

Scale-dependent effects of windthrow disturbance on forest arthropod communities

The effect of disturbance on local communities may operate via a spatial landscape context. We examined the scale-dependent effects of windthrow disturbance caused by a large typhoon on three arthropod communities in a temperate forest of Japan. Canopy arthropods were collected by beating foliage, forest-floor arthropods were collected by sweeping the vegetation, and flying arthropods were collected in Malaise traps. To assess the "functional spatial scale" at which arthropods responded to tree-fall disturbance, the gap rate was quantified at different spatial scales by sequentially enlarging the radius of a circular landscape sector by 10 m from 10 to 500 m. We then analyzed the responses of order richness and abundance to the gap rate for each arthropod community. The spatial scale of the significant best-fitting model, which was selected from the models fitted to the gap rate at stepwise spatial scales, was regarded as the arthropod-specific functional spatial scale. Arthropod order richness was not dependent on the gap rate. In contrast, arthropod order abundance depended significantly on the gap rate in many orders, but varied in the response direction and functional spatial scale. These order-specific, scale-dependent responses to tree-fall gaps would complicate interactions among organisms, leading to complex community organization. An understanding of the spatial processes that link the use of space by organisms with the spatial scale at which ecological processes are experienced is required to elucidate the responses of populations, communities, and biotic interactions to disturbances in a spatial landscape context

A study on the possibility of a BUS route network with connections based on an analysis of the efficiency of the BUS route network and resistance OF BUS users to transfer

In this study, data envelopment analysis (DEA) was used to evaluate the efficiency of the bus route network in Akita City, Akita Prefecture, Japan. The DEA efficiency indices utilized route length (km) and overlap index (number of lines/km) as input values for the network efficiency, while the number of buses per year was used as the output value for the deployment efficiency. Operating costs (yen) were used as the input value for the revenue efficiency, and Operating costs (yen) and fare revenue (yen) were used as input and output values, respectively, for the revenue efficiency. The results of this study show that the overall network efficiency is low, indicating that complex and radial bus routes are inefficient and can be improved. Next, we surveyed the attitudes of residents of Akita City, regarding the use of bus routes. The results showed that 18.5% of the respondents did not want to transfer between bus trips, whereas 69.7% could tolerate transferring up to once. Furthermore, 2.7% of the respondents were unwilling to wait for the bus, whereas 52.4% were willing to wait within 10 min, while 38.6% were willing to wait between 10 and 20 min. Based on the results of this analysis, which was conducted by a university laboratory, suggestions were made to the local government on how to provide an efficient network. The bus routes in Akita City are operated by private operators but managed by the local government. Thus, efficient bus routes with connections can be constructed through proposals to local governments. Inefficient bus routes were identified using DEA, and a network with transfers was examined for their improvement. When examining such a network, the attitudes of the users toward transfers must be understood; the relationship involves understanding the attitudes of the users toward inefficient bus routes using DEA. This study revealed that a large number of people could tolerate up to one transfer. The transit time is a significant factor in the acceptance