Sustainable management and improvement ofgenetic resources for aquaculture

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Restriction site heteroplasmy in the mitochondrial DNA of Brycon opalinus (Cuvier, 1819) (Characiformes, Characidae, Bryconiae)

Homoplasmy is a feature usually found in the mtDNA of higher animal taxa. On the other hand, the presence of two classes of mtDNA in the same cell or organism is rare and may appear in length or site variation. Data from mtDNA RFLP analysis of Brycon opalinus populations (Cuvier, 1819; Characiformes, Characidae, Bryconinae) revealed site heteroplasmy from endonuclease NheI digestion. Southern blotting hybridization was used to survey a total of 257 specimens with 24 restriction enzymes. Three different restriction fragment patterns of mtDNA were obtained from NheI digestion. Two individuals from hatchery broodstock were found to have two of them. NheI digests of heteroplasmic individuals yielded two fragments of approximately 1180 and 1260 bp. Despite the low frequency of this type of heteroplasmy in the whole B. opalinus population, the presence of site heteroplasmy in this species supports the evidence of this phenomenon in lower vertebrate groups

Farinha de vísceras de aves em rações para alevinos de tilápia do Nilo,Oreochromis niloticus (L.) Poultry by-product meal in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings diets

Este estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho e as características de carcaças de alevinos de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) submetidos a rações com níveis de inclusão de farinha de vísceras (FV), assim como os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) dos nutrientes deste alimento. Para o experimento de desempenho, foram utilizados 300 alevinos, com peso inicial médio de 0,35 &plusmn; 0,01 g, distribuídos em trinta tanques-rede (120 L), instalados em cinco tanques (1000 L). Foram utilizados seis níveis de inclusão de FV nas rações (0,00; 4,00; 8,00; 12,00; 16,00 e 20,00%), em um delineamento experimental, em blocos casualizados com seis tratamentos e cinco repetições. Realizou-se um ensaio de digestibilidade, com rações contendo 0,00 e 20,00% de FV, fornecidas a peixes com peso médio de 47,81 &plusmn; 9,97 g. Observou-se aumento linear da porcentagem de ganho de peso e taxas de eficiência protéica e de retenção de nitrogênio, com o aumento nos teores de FV nas rações, e efeito quadrático para conversão alimentar, taxa de retenção de extrato etéreo e porcentagens de proteína bruta e extrato etéreo na carcaça. Em relação à digestibilidade, a ração com 20,00% de FV apresentou menores CDA para a matéria seca, proteína bruta e energia bruta e maiores para extrato etéreo. Entretanto, maiores valores de extrato etéreo e energia digestíveis foram obtidos na ração com 20,00% de FV, embora a proteína digestível tenha sido inferior com 0,00% de FV. Os CDA do extrato etéreo, proteína bruta e energia bruta da farinha de vísceras foram de 70,45; 63,93 e 55,89%, respectivamente. A inclusão de 20,00% de FV na ração promoveu melhor desempenho, porém aumentou o teor de extrato etéreo e reduziu o de proteína bruta na carcaça, ocorrendo, ainda, diminuição dos CDA da matéria seca, proteína e energia bruta das rações.<br>Performance, carcass characteristics and coefficients of apparent digestibility of Nile tilapia fingerlings (Oreochromis niloticus) fed diets with increasing levels of poultry by-product meal (PM) were evaluated. Three hundred fingerlings with average initial weight of 0.35&plusmn;0.01 g were placed in thirty 120 L net ponds in five cement 1000 L tanks. Six levels of PM inclusion (0.00, 4.00, 8.00, 12.00, 16.00 and 20.00%) were used in the diets, in an experimental randomized blocks desing with six treatments and three replicates. An experiment of diet digestibility was undertaken with 0.00 and 20.00% PM diets on fish of average weight 47.81&plusmn;9.97 g. A linear improvement was observed at PM inclusion levels with regard to final weight, percentage of weight gain, protein efficiency rate, nitrogen retention and quadratic effect for food conversion, ether extract retention and percentages of crude protein and carcass ethereal extract. Concerning to the digestibility experiment, the 20.00% PM diet showed lower coefficients of apparent digestibility for dry matter, crude protein, crude energy and higher coefficients for ether extract. However, higher values of digestible ether extract and energy were obtained with 20.00% PM diet, even though digestible protein was lower than the 0.00% PP diet. Apparent digestibility coefficients of the ether extract, crude protein and crude energy of PM for the Nile tilapia were 70.45, 63.93 and 55.89% respectively. Thus, the inclusion of 20.00% PM in diet improved performance, however increased ether extract content and decreased crude protein levels in carcass and dry matter, crude protein and energy digestibility coefficients of the diets