A beer a minute in Texas football: Heavy drinking and the heroizing of the antihero in Friday Night Lights

This article applies a qualitative framing analysis to the first three seasons of the television series Friday Night Lights, focusing particularly on its incorporation of heavy drinking into narrative representations of the player whose character is most consistently central to the game of football as fictionally mediated in small-town Texas over the course of those three seasons. The analysis suggests that over the course of that period Friday Night Lights embeds nuanced social meanings in its framing of alcohol use by that player and other characters so as to associate it with multiple potential outcomes. Yet among those outcomes, the most dominant framing works to, in effect, reverse a progression through which media representations historically evolved from a heroic model toward an antihero model, with heavy drinking central to that narrative process of meaning-making in such messages.Yeshttps://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/manuscript-submission-guideline

Effect of Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel-diesel blends on combustion, performance, exhaust particulate matter and gaseous emissions in a multi-cylinder diesel engine

In this work, the effects of adding of inedible Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel to diesel fuel on performance, gaseous emissions, particulate matter (PM) and combustion characteristics were studied in a medium-duty, high-pressure common-rail turbocharged four-cylinder diesel engine under different speed and torque conditions. The key physicochemical properties of neat biodiesel, biodiesel-diesel blends and diesel were characterized and analysed. The test fuels used were a fossil diesel fuel, B10, B20, B30, and B50 of biodiesel-diesel fuels. The results indicated that all blends of biodiesel fuels have physicochemical properties relatively close to those of petroleum diesel. The experimental results also demonstrated that there are some drawbacks in engine brake power, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), and nitrogen oxide (NOx) with the blend of biodiesel in the fuel. Besides, refinement in brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and exhaust emissions were recorded across all engine speeds. Moreover, the emission improvement was characterized by lower carbon monoxide (CO) and reduced in both of the smoke and PM emissions. Also, reduction in the magnitude of peak combustion pressure and heat release rate (HRR) were also found with biodiesel blends. Overall, the results indicated that Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel can be used satisfactorily in an unmodified multi-cylinder high-pressure common-rail diesel engine

Tribological behaviour of graphene nanoplatelets as additive in pongamia oil

This study investigated the tribological behaviour of Pongamia oil (PO) and 15W–40 mineral engine oil (MO) with and without the addition of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs). The friction and wear characteristics were evaluated in four-ball anti-wear tests according to the ASTM D4172 standard. The morphology of worn surfaces and the lubrication mechanism of GNPs were investigated via SEM and EDS. This study also focuses on the tribological effect of GNP concentration at various concentrations. The addition of 0.05 wt % GNPs in PO and MO exhibits the lowest friction and wear with 17.5% and 12.24% friction reduction, respectively, and 11.96% and 5.14% wear reduction, respectively. Through SEM and EDS surface analysis, the surface enhancement on the worn surface by the polishing effect of GNPs was confirmed. The deposition of GNPs on the friction surface and the formation of a protective film prevent the interacting surfaces from rubbing, resulting in friction and wear reduction

Influence of injection timing and split injection strategies on performance, emissions, and combustion characteristics of diesel engine fueled with biodiesel blended fuels

Biodiesel can be used as alternative to replace fossil diesel. However, usage of biodiesel in an unmodified diesel engine can cause higher in nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission. In order to reduce the harmful emission, certain injection strategies can be carried out. In this paper, the effects of biodiesel blends, fuel injection timing and split injection schemes on the engine performance, emissions and combustion characteristics of a medium-duty diesel engine are investigated. Parametric studies relating with start of injection timing variation and multiple injection schemes using B20 and B50 biodiesel blends were performed and benchmarked with petroleum diesel fuel as baseline. A remarkably lower NOx level below 100 ppm can be obtained by retard start of injection (SOI) timing for both of the B20 and B50 fuel operations and with triple injection scheme. It was found that with the use of B50, simultaneous NOx and smoke suppression from the levels of petroleum diesel fuel is attainable in parallel with the implementation of late SOI timing and triple injection scheme in a diesel engine. In conclusion, multiple split injections is a practical strategies to simultaneously decrease NOx and smoke emissions when the SOI timing is fine-tuned and is an ideal alternative to operate with biodiesel fuel

Thermal analysis technologies for biomass feedstocks: a state-of-the-art review

An effective analytical technique for biomass characterisation is inevitable for biomass utilisation in energy production. To improve biomass processing, various thermal conversion methods such as torrefaction, pyrolysis, combustion, hydrothermal liquefaction, and gasification have been widely used to improve biomass processing. Thermogravimetric analysers (TG) and gas chromatography (GC) are among the most fundamental analytical techniques utilised in biomass thermal analysis. Thus, GC and TG, in combination with MS, FTIR, or two-dimensional analysis, were used to examine the key parameters of biomass feedstock and increase the productivity of energy crops. We can also determine the optimal ratio for combining two separate biomass or coals during co-pyrolysis and co-gasification to achieve the best synergetic relationship. This review discusses thermochemical conversion processes such as torrefaction, combustion, hydrothermal liquefaction, pyrolysis, and gasification. Then, the thermochemical conversion of biomass using TG and GC is discussed in detail. The usual emphasis on the various applications of biomass or bacteria is also discussed in the comparison of the TG and GC. Finally, this study investigates the application of technologies for analysing the composition and developed gas from the thermochemical processing of biomass feedstocks

Impact of two-stage injection fuel quantity on engine-out responses of a common-rail diesel engine fueled with coconut oil methyl esters-diesel fuel blends

Two-stage injection with different biodiesel percentage is investigated where first and second injections were implemented with different SOI timings at various mass ratio under constant speed of 2000 rpm and 60 Nm of torque. The results reveal that maximum BTE of 32.4% and minimum BSFC of 245.5 g/kWh can be achieved simultaneously with injection mass ratio of 50:50 at advanced SOI timing using baseline diesel. A considerably lower level of NOx below 90 ppm is achievable via late SOI timing by using B20 or B50 biodiesel blends with injection mass ratio of 25:75. Specifically, the lowest NOx of 82 ppm can be achieved with smoke emission level still remains below 5% when B50 biodiesel blend and 25:75 injection mass ratio is tested. The highest reduction of 5.3% of smoke compared to diesel was achieved when B50 was used with 50:50 mass ratio at retarded SOI of 2°ATDC. It was found that simultaneous NOx and smoke reduction compared to that of fossil diesel is feasible with the application of B50 biodiesel blend and execution of retarded SOI timing and injection mass ratio of 25:75. Lastly, two-stage fuel injection is a practical strategy to simultaneously decrease NOx and smoke emissions

Investigation on particulate emissions and combustion characteristics of a common-rail diesel engine fueled with Moringa oleifera biodiesel-diesel blends

In this study, a study of the effects of Moringa Oil Biodiesel (MOB) biodiesel-diesel blends on the engine's performance, exhaust particulate matter, gaseous emissions and combustion characteristics was carried out in a multi-cylinder high-pressure common-rail diesel engine. The experiment involved the use of baseline diesel and several MOB blends (MOB10, MOB20, MOB30 and MOB50) as the fuel for the diesel engine. The results concluded that the engine torques and brake power produced by all of the MOB blends is smaller to the baseline diesel. However, both the MOB blends and baseline diesel produced similar brake thermal efficiency (BTE). It is noticed that the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of all MOB are indicating deterioration, but showing an improvement in the brake specific energy consumption (BSEC). Besides, the peak cylinder pressure and peak HRR indicated a trend of declination with the increasing biodiesel blend ratio. Furthermore, all MOB has shown a great improvement in the emission of carbon monoxide (CO), smoke and particulate matter (PM), except nitrogen oxides (NOx). In short, Moringa oil is suitable to use as a source of biodiesel fuel in the diesel engines without any engine modification needs to be done

Effect of two-stage injection dwell angle on engine combustion and performance characteristics of a common-rail diesel engine fueled with coconut oil methyl esters-diesel fuel blends

Diesel engine is widely used as prime mover due to its high thermal efficiency. Usage of renewable biodiesel in diesel engine is also widely studied due to its potential in reducing emission and as a replacement of conventional diesel. Biodiesel performance could be improved by blending it with petroleum diesel besides introducing appropriate injection strategies. In this experiment, the effect of percentage of biodiesel blends and injection strategies such as variations in start of injection (SOI) timing and dwell angle on diesel engine performance were investigated. The test engine used is four-stroke turbocharged direct injection diesel engine. Results show that exhaust emissions, engine performance and combustion characteristics are substantially affected by biodiesel blending ratio and SOI timing but slightly influenced by two-stage injection dwell angle. Biodiesel blends percentage could be raised to improve NOx and smoke emissions. Even though SOI performed at a later timing could reduce NOx emission, smoke emission increased. Dwell angle between two successive injections could be prolonged to lower the effect of the increase in smoke emission. It could also be inferred that by setting a proper SOI timing and dwell angle under two-stage injection scheme when suitable biodiesel blend is used, the engine performance could be optimized