On the electronic structure of alternant conjugated organic radicals for light-emitting diode applications

Since the demonstration in 2018 that organic radicals can be used to make highly efficient organic light-emitting diodes there has been an explosion of interest in their capabilities and many experimental and computational studies of their performance. Here we take a theoretical view and describe the electronic structure of radicals from an algebraic perspective. By rediscovering and adapting historic investigations of organic radicals we show how many experimentally useful properties can be determined without synthesis or computation, but simply from knowledge of the molecular structure and in particular whether or not the radical is an alternant hydrocarbon. We explain these results in the context of modern organic light-emitting design in order to inform future investigations

Controlling iron and copper precipitation in silicon wafers

This thesis studies the two most common transition metals in silicon – copper and iron. The purpose of the experiments and theoretical calculations presented in this thesis is to increase the current knowledge of the precipitation behavior of these metals under different processing conditions. The study also includes the development of recombination lifetime methods for impurity characterization in silicon. A method to measure trace copper contamination in silicon using the microwave photoconductivity decay is proposed. The method is based on the observation that copper precipitates can be created using light activation. It is shown that external charge on wafer surfaces can reduce the copper out-diffusion, which extends the applicability of the method. Moreover, oxide precipitates are found to increase the sensitivity of the method. An analytical solution to the current continuity equation for excess carriers in an epitaxial structure under time dependent optical excitation is derived. In addition, some analytical approximations are developed and numerical calculations are made to check their accuracy. The built-in potential between the epitaxial layer and the substrate is taken into account and also the light induced barrier lowering is included in the model. The barrier lowering is found to be noticeable and can affect the effective lifetime by up to two orders of magnitude. Several annealing profiles and contamination levels are used to study the iron gettering behavior at varying supersaturation levels. It was found that the gettering efficiency depends strongly on the initial iron concentration and considerably high supersaturation is needed to initiate the gettering. The results are discussed from the perspective of thermodynamics. The thermal stability of internally gettered iron is studied experimentally by deep level transient spectroscopy. The experiments reveal that the dissolution is a reaction limited process. The simulations of iron re-dissolution show that instead of simulating only the final cooling, it is important to simulate the whole thermal cycle. This is important since low thermal budgets are becoming more and more common in the IC technology.reviewe

First Siena International Conference on Animal Models of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Certosa di Pontignano, University of Siena, Italy, September 30-October 2, 2001

The meeting proved of great interest to those developing an animal model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD is caused by cigarette smoking, evidenced by deterioration in lung function. Lung function is only rarely assessed in animal models. A cigarette smoke driven pathology should provide the best in vivo model for COPD. However, as lesions produced this way take 8–12 months to develop other strategies have to be employed. Emphysematous lesions were also achieved by treatment with elastase, lipopolysaccharide, ozone and other inducers. Several studies described treatments that have shown activity in these models. Transgenic models were discussed, as was the importance of species and strain selection

Non-standard language in Irvine Welsh's Trainspotting and in Olavi Teppan's translation of the novel into Estonian

This thesis studies the effects and implications of the use of non-standard language in Irvine Welsh’s novel Trainspotting (1993) and examines the treatment of language in the Estonian translation of the novel by Olavi Teppan (2010) proceeding from the concept of the dominant as well as skopos theory. The main hypothesis of the thesis is that the specifically Scottish elements of the source text have been reduced in the target text and that the translator has conveyed thematic rather than linguistic concerns. The thesis consists of an introduction, two core chapters, and a conclusion. The introduction provides a brief overview of the socio-historical context of Trainspotting as well as the novel’s key features, such as a quest for linguistic authenticity and the use of the vernacular, and the main thematic concerns of the novel, such as the depiction of working-class life and transgressive subject matter. The first core chapter focuses on the use of language in the source text, examining the relationship between the languages spoken in Scotland, namely Scots and Scottish English, and discussing their relation to Standard English. The terms ‘language’ and ‘dialect’ are observed in the light of sociolinguistics and the sociolect spoken by the central characters of the novel is explored and illustrated with examples of informal register and colloquial vernacular. The second core chapter introduces the theoretical framework of the study: the concept of the dominant, originating in Russian Formalism and expounded on by Roman Jakobson, and the target-text-based and target-culture-oriented skopos theory developed by Hans J. Vermeer. Thereafter, the idiolects of the novel’s eight first-person narrators are analysed by comparing and contrasting their representation in Welsh’s novel and in Teppan’s translation of the novel into Estonian. The results of the study will be presented in the conclusion.http://www.ester.ee/record=b4678208*es