Extraction of reactive dye using new supported liquid membrane

Currently, it is estimated that around 10,000 tons of dyes have been discharged around the world and causing some environmental problems. Since conventional treatments are not effective to degrade discharged dyes, efficient method should be applied to treat these pollutants. Supported liquid membrane (SLM) is an effective treatment for the removal of reactive dyes from wastewater because it provides maximum driving force for the separation of targeted solute and simultaneous extraction and stripping process, which lead to excellent separation. In this research, kerosene-salicyclic acid-tridodecylamine liquid membranes were used. Several factors that influence the stability of the SLM process, such as characteristics of the polymeric support and operating parameters were identified. The fabricated support was produced using thermally induced phase separation (TIPS). During fabrication process, different concentration of polymers at 10 wt%, 15 wt% and 20 wt% were tested. Several operating parameters for separation of Red 3BS reactive dye such as flow rate and pH of feed phase, concentration of stripping agent and concentration of feed phase were investigated using commercial support in order to find favourable process conditions. Results showed that the fabricated support with 15% of polymer concentration performed well as a membrane support with 100% of extraction and 58% of recovery of Red 3BS dye at favorable condition of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide as stripping agent, 100 ml/min of feed flow rate, 50 ppm Red 3BS and pH 3 of feed phase. The stability test also proved that the fabricated membrane remained stable up to 25 hours without suffering any breakage on its structure. As a conclusion, the fabricated support was proven to have high potential as a membrane support due to its high stability and excellent performance in separation process

Effect of flow operation modes on removal of acetic acid from oil palm frond biomass hydrolysate using hollow fiber supported liquid membrane

Acetic acid (AA) is considered an inhibitor in the oil palm frond (OPF) biomass hydrolysate solution. It can reduce the microorganism activity during sugar fermentation using OPF solution. In the current study, a hollow fiber supported liquid membrane (HFSLM) system using hybrid polyethersulfone-graphene membrane support and organic liquid membrane phase of 0.5 M tri-n-octyl amine carrier in a 2-ethyl-1-hexanol diluent was used to remove the AA. The liquid membrane impregnation time and the flow operation modes of the feed and strip phases in the HFSLM configuration were investigated. Mode I was operated with the feed phase flow inside the hollow fiber (HF) lumen and the stripping phase flow at the shell side. In mode II, the feed phase entered at the shell side and the stripping phase at the lumen of the HF support. The best liquid membrane impregnation time was 4 hours, exhibiting the highest AA removal efficiency of 80% compared to 1 and 24 hours of impregnation time. The removal efficiency of the AA was 80.1% and 42.4% using mode I and mode II, respectively, at 8 hours of the supported liquid membrane (SLM) running time. HFSLM was applied to remove AA from real OPF biomass hydrolysate. It was found that the AA concentration had reduced from 6.83 to 2.01 g/L after the SLM process. The SLM process did not affect the concentration of other components, especially sugar compounds in the OPF biomass hydrolysate

DAMPAK KERUSAKAN EKOSISTEM TERUMBU KARANG TERHADAP HASIL PENANGKAPAN IKAN OLEH NELAYAN SECARA TRADISIONAL DI PULAU SIOMPU KABUPATEN BUTON PROPINSI SULAWESI TENGGARA

A research has been conducted on the effect of coral reef ecosystem damage on the result of fish haul by the traditional fisherman in Siompu Island of Buton Regency of South East Sulawesi Province. This research aims: (a) to evaluate the level of coral reef ecosystem damage (the quality of coral reef), (b) to study the social economic factors affecting the society’s attitude and perception (behavior) on the coral reef ecosystem, and (c) to study the effect of coral reef ecosystem damage on the result of fish haul by the traditional fisherman in Siompu Island of Buton Regency of South East Sulawesi Province. The data studied included physical-chemical properties of seawater, percentage coral closing, coral fish abundance, diversity index and society social economic variable affecting the coral reef ecosystem damage. The method employed in coral reef observation is transecting line method and coral fish observation using visual census. The social economic data can be collected from the direct observation result in the field, result of interview and questionnaire. 1. The result of research shows that the coral reef in Tongali village waters as the research location belongs to poorly damaged to moderately damage categories with the percentage of living coral/hard coral closing of 11.63% to 30.25%. The control location, Biwinapada village can be categorized into moderately damaged to good with the percentage of living coral/hard coral closing of 31.45% to 50.81%. The coral reef ecosystem damage in the research location of Tongali village results from the human activity particularly fish capture using explosive material (bomb). Other activities that can harm the coral reef ecosystem are the use of troll, coral miner, as well as boat anchor not too dominant in the research location. 2. The Social economic factors such as education level, income level and other job opportunity correlate positively with the society’s attitude and perception (behavior) on the coral reef ecosystem. The low education level (53-68%) of respondents affects the society perception on the coral reef ecosystem, that the coral reef ecosystem is not useful, as well as has no relationship to other marine biota. 3. The coral reef ecosystem damage highly affects the fish haul by the traditional fisherman in which there is a tendency of decrease in the fish haul in the last five years of 4.30 ton (25.95%) in 2006 to 2.47 ton (14.91%) in 2010. This finding is supported by the result of questionnaire, that 100 respondents state that the fish haul decreases in both good season and bad season. Keywords: Coral Reef, Fish Capture, Traditional Fisherma

Fabrication of hybrid graphene-polyethersulfone supported liquid membrane for acetic acid removal from oil palm frond biomass hydrolysate

Conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to biofuel gives a great contribution to the supplement of renewable energy source. To achieve this purpose, acid hydrolysis was used to hydrolyze the lignocellulosic materials to fermentable sugars. Acid hydrolysis is efficient, simple and fast method compared to enzymatic hydrolysis. However, the major problem encountered during the hydrolysis process is the releasing of acetyl group such as acetic acid (AA) as byproducts with the hydrolyzed sugar component. AA can acts as inhibitors to the enzymatic conversion of sugar into the final product of ethanol or other chemicals. Therefore, AA needs to be removed from the biomass hydrolysate to maximize the yield of products. This study focused on development of the hybrid membrane support for used in the supported liquid membrane (SLM) process for AA removal using vapor induced phase separation (VIPS) technique. The hybrid membrane were characterised in term of morphology by scanning electron microspcope (SEM) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), porosity, membrane hydrophobicity and mechanical strength. The organic liquid membrane phase for extraction of AA was formulated in the first part of the study. The best liquid membrane phase and stripping agent were 0.5 M tri-n-octyl-amine (TOA) carrier in 2-ethyl-1- hexanol diluent and 0.5 M NaOH, respectively. Incorporation of 0.1 wt% graphene in the hybrid polyethersulfone (PES) flat sheet membrane support was found significantly improved the tensile stress of the hybrid membrane from 740 kPa to 1790 kPa, an improvement about 140% in mechanical strength compared to pristine PES membrane. The contact angle of the hybrid membrane also increased from 81.92º to 122.35º and becoming highly hydrophobic membrane support that improved the SLM stability. PES- 0.1graphene (G) membrane support remains stable for more than 116 hours (12 SLM cycles) without requires reimpregnation in the liquid membrane phase compared to the pristine membrane that only stable for 16 hours (2 SLM cycles). The best condition to prepare the flat sheet hybrid membrane through VIPS are using 50 °C coagulation bath temperature, 30 second air exposure time and 80% air humidity. It showed 95% removal of the AA from 10 g/l aqueous solution. During production of hollow fiber membrane support, impregnation time of liquid membrane and feed flow operating modes of PES-0.1G hollow fiber membrane was studied. The best impregnation time for preparing hollow fiber module was 4 hours. The feed phase flowed in lumen side (Mode I) showed better separation performance compared to the shell side (Mode II). The removal percentage of AA using hollow fiber operated with Mode I and Mode II were 80.1% and 42.4%, respectively. The capability of SLM process in removing of AA from oil palm frond (OPF) biomass hydrolysate was tested using PES-0.1 G flat sheet and hollow fiber membrane. The concentration of AA in the OPF hydrolysate was reduced from 6.83 g/l to 1.33 g/l and 2.01 g/l using flat sheet and hollow fiber SLM, respectively. Both SLM systems meet the minimum concentration of AA that should present in the biomass hydrolysate for ensuring highest ethanol production which is less than 5 g/l. Thus, the SLM system using hybrid G-PES membrane support developed in this study is proven effective for removing AA from aqueous solution and OPF biomass hydrolysate

Effect of Coagulation Bath Temperature During Preparation of PES Hollow Fiber Supported Liquid Membrane for Acetic Acid Removal

Acetic acid is a byproduct of acid hydrolysis of biomass during sugar recovery step in biofuel production. Acetic acid can inhibit the enzyme used during fermentation of sugar to the ethanol. Hollow fiber supported liquid membrane (SLM) was used in this study to remove acetic acid from aqueous solution. Liquid membrane was formulated using trioctylamine and 2-ethyl hexanol as a carrier and solvent, respectively. The hollow fiber membrane support was prepared from 15 wt.% polyethersulfone, 42.5 wt.% polyethyleneglycol 200 and 42.5 wt.% dimethylacetamide. The effect of coagulation bath temperature (CBT) at 30ºC, 40ºC and 50ºC during hollow fiber membrane spinning process was investigated. The porosity of the membrane increased as the CBT increased. The porosity of the membrane prepared using CBT of 30ºC, 40ºC and 50ºC were 35.7%, 46.7% and 61.6%, respectively. SLM process using hollow fiber membrane prepared at 50ºC of coagulation bath was able to remove 52% of acetic acid from the aqueous solution

Extraction of glucose by supported liquid membrane using polyethersulfone flat sheet membrane support

Sugar is released during biomass hydrolysis together with unwanted inhibitory compounds such as acetic acid, furfural and hydromethylfurfural. The extraction of particular sugar prior to fermentation process is needed in order to increase the yield of biofuel generated from biomass resources. In the current study, glucose was extracted from the aqueous solution using supported liquid membrane (SLM) system. Polyethersulfone (PES) flat sheet membrane support was fabricated using 15 wt.% PES, 42.5 wt.% DMAc and 42.5 wt.% PEG 200. Liquid membrane was formulated using 2-ethyl hexanol and methyl cholate as solvent and carrier, respectively. The effect of several parameters involved in SLM system such as type of diluent and flowrate of feed and stripping phase on the extraction performance of glucose were studied. About 52.77% of glucose was successfully extracted from aqueous solution using SLM system with 0.01M of methyl cholate in 2-ethyl hexanol. Using simulated biomass hydrolysate solution, almost 54.55% of glucose and 51.08% of xylose were successfully extracted using the SLM system

Effect of VIPS fabrication parameters on the removal of acetic acid by supported liquid membrane using a PES-graphene membrane support

In this study, the removal of acetic acid by supported liquid membrane (SLM) using hybrid polyethersulfone (PES)–graphene membrane prepared by vapor induced phase separation (VIPS) was investigated. The effects of graphene loading, coagulation bath temperature, air exposure time, and air humidity on the morphology, mechanical strength, porosity, and contact angle of the membrane were analyzed. The performance and stability of the hybrid membrane as a SLM support for acetic acid removal were studied. The best PES–graphene membrane support was produced at a coagulation bath temperature of 50 °C, an air exposure time of 30 s and air humidity of 80%. The fabricated membrane has a symmetrical micropore cellular structure, high porosity and high contact angle. Under specific SLM conditions, almost 95% of acetic acid was successfully removed from 10 g L−1 aqueous acetic acid solution. The hybrid membrane remains stable for more than 116 h without suffering any membrane breakage during the continuous SLM process

Recovery of kraft lignin from pulping wastewater via emulsion liquid membrane process

Kraft lignin (KL) is a renewable source of many valuable intermediate biochemical products currently derived from petroleum. An excessive of lignin comes from pulping wastewater caused an adverse pollution problems hence affecting human and aquatic life. A comprehensive study pertaining to emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) extraction of lignin from pulping wastewater was presented. ELM formulation contains Aliquat 336 as carrier, kerosene as diluent, sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) as stripping agent and Span 80 as surfactant. The emulsion stability was investigated at different surfactant concentrations, homogenizer speed and emulsification time. Modifier (2-ethyl-1-hexanol) was added to avoid segregation of third phase while improving the emulsion stability. At optimum conditions, 95% and 56% of lignin were extracted and recovered, respectively at 10 min of extraction time, 0.007 M of Aliquat 336, 0.1 M of NaHCO3 and 1:5 of treat ratio. Additional of modifier was contributed to highest recovery up to 98%. The ELM process was found to be equally feasible and quite effective in the recovery of KL from real pulping wastewater. Therefore, ELM process provides a promising alternative technology to recover KL from pulping wastewater while solving the environmental problems simultaneously

Removal of acetic acid from aqueous solution by polyethersulfone supported liquid membrane

Lignocellulosic biomass can be converted to biofuel, which is one of the renewable energy. To achieve this purpose, acid hydrolysis was used to hydrolyse lignocellulosic materials to fermentable sugars. However, acetic acid, a major inhibitory compound was released during the acid hydrolysis process. Existence of acetic acid significantly suppressed fermentative organisms and decreased the production of ethanol. It is necessary to remove acetic acid inhibitor from biomass hydrolysate prior to the fermentation process. Selective removal of acetic acid from aqueous solution was attempted by using supported liquid membrane (SLM) system based on tri-n-octylamine carrier and sodium hydroxide stripping phase. Polyethersulfone (PES) membrane was prepared by vapour induced phase separation method and used as a matrix support in SLM process. Effects of PES membrane thickness, types of diluent, and flow rate of feed phase were tested. Under favourable condition, almost 86 % of acetic acid was successfully removed from the aqueous solution. The PES SLM system remained stable for 8 h of extraction without any breakage